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of Scandinavia. In Dalecarlia, Herjeadalen, and Upper Wermland it is constantly to be found — 

 and occurs far down in Smaland and Ostergothland, being often observed in the woods near 

 Linkoping. It occasionally occurs near Gothenburg, has been seen at Oroust ; and the Rev. Mr. 

 Ekstrom shot one at Tjorn. It has not yet been recorded as occurring in Skane. In Finland, 

 according to Von Wright, it is neither scarce nor yet common, but is tolerably numerous near 

 Kuopio, and not rare in Nyland. Dresser only observed it on two occasions in Central Finland, 

 and never met with it in the northern part of the country. Respecting its occurrence in 

 Denmark, Mr. A. Benzon writes us as follows : — " Kjserbolling included it as a Danish bird by 

 mistake, and I may state positively that it has not been seen here. Borggreve states that it is 

 resident in Silesia, and has once been shot at Anhalt. Naumann observes that it inhabits the 

 higher mountain-forests in Switzerland, the Tyrol, Austria, and Salzburg, but is only very rarely 

 seen in the woods in the lower parts of Germany. Naumann erroneously states that it inhabits 

 North America, which is not the case, as its place is there taken by two allied species, Picoides 

 arcticus and Picoides hirsutus." Dr. E. Rey writes to us that this species breeds in Mahren, and 

 occurs in Switzerland, Bohemia, and Galicia, but does not appear to breed there. 



Degland and Gerbe state that it is not rare in the canton of Berne and in Zurich, but is not 

 found near Geneva ; in France it is accidental ; nor is it mentioned by Godron as occurring in 

 Lorraine. Respecting its occurrence in Savoy, Bailly remarks that a few individuals wander, 

 generally in the winter season, from Switzerland, and penetrate to the woods of Faucigny, 

 especially in those of Sixt and Chamounix, and thence, according to the severity of the season, 

 to the woods of Geneva. Mr. Bailly further notes the occurrence of a young male near Annecy 

 in 1848, another at Chamounix in the winter of 1849, and a third near Chambery. He does not 

 think that it breeds in Savoy. Professor Salvador! remarks that this species is only mentioned 

 in two catalogues of Italian birds, viz. in that of Risso, treating of the avifauna of the Maritime 

 Alps, and that of Althammer, treating of that of the Tyrol. It is apparently confined to these 

 alpine frontiers, as its occurrence even in the Apennines has not yet been recorded. 



Count Casimir Wodzicki states that in the Carpathians it is probably commoner than in any 

 other mountain-range in Europe, but still it is but little known, as it is so shy, and more especially 

 so during the breeding-season. Our friend Dr. Taczanowski writes to us as follows : — " It is," he 

 says, " common in the Carpathians, in Austrian Galicia, but not found on the plains of Galicia, 

 or the Kingdom of Poland. Its habitat recommences in the plains of the Province of Augustow, 

 where I found near the town of that name a nest with young just hatching (the male and the 

 egg-shells from this nest are in the Warsaw Museum). It is rare ; for I never again observed it 

 between this locality and the town of Kowno ; but the sportsmen of that country assure me that 

 they know it. Further on in Lithuania it becomes more and more common." Pallas says it is 

 found " everywhere in Russia, in the woods and poplar-groves, even in the neighbourhood of 

 Moscow, but more commonly near the Volga and the Ural Chain, and in the northern parts ; 

 thence it extends through Siberia in groves, especially about the river Tschulys." Dr. von 

 Schrenck found it in Southern Siberia, and states that on the Lower Amoor and the northern 

 part of Saghalien it is the commonest Woodpecker. Near the Nikolajefsk post he observed it 

 often in August in the high larch- and pine-wood, and later in the autumn and during the winter 

 in the birch, aspen, and mixed or non-evergreen woods on the shores of the Lower Amoor. 



