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portions of the Ural, and, Eversmann says, is common up to 56° N. lat. In the plains where 

 there are but few or no trees it is replaced by the Steppe -Eagle. Mr. Taczanowski says that 

 this Spotted Eagle is not rare in Poland, especially on the right bank of the Vistula, where in 

 certain localities it nests nearly as numerously as Aquila pomarina. It arrives late in April, and 

 leaves about the end of September. In North Germany the present species is very rare, being 

 replaced by Aquila pomarina ; and it is very improbable that it nests there. 



Throughout the whole of Western Europe the present species is only known as a rare 

 straggler; and, so far as I can ascertain, there is no undoubted instance of its having bred 

 there. But the two species of Spotted Eagles have been so constantly confused, that it is 

 extremely difficult to say which has been met with in localities where either or both may have 

 occurred. There appears, however, no doubt that it has been found in France, and probably 

 also in Belgium. Baron De Selys says that the Spotted Eagle (probably this species) has been 

 obtained in Lorraine and French Flanders, that M. Degland found a specimen in the Lille 

 market, and that M. Baillon has observed it in Picardy, in the woods between Montreuil and 

 Abbeville. De la Fontaine records the capture of three examples of a Spotted Eagle in 

 Luxembourg at long intervals. Either this or the Lesser Spotted Eagle is found as a straggler 

 in various parts of France ; and MM. Jaubert and Barthelemy-Lapommeraye state that it is 

 one of the regular migrants through Southern France, and that a Spotted Eagle (probably, 

 however, the Lesser Spotted Eagle) nests in the French Alps. Baron J. W. von Miiller says 

 that in Southern France young, spotted birds are generally seen, the old, spotless ones being of 

 very rare occurrence. Professor Barboza du Bocage records the presence of a Spotted Eagle in 

 Portugal; and the present species certainly occurs in Spain. There are specimens in the 

 Museums of Valencia, Seville, and Jerez, which Mr. Saunders, speaking from memory, told 

 Mr. Gurney (Ibis, 1877, p. 332) belonged to the present, or larger, species; and Lord Lilford 

 has twice received examples from near Seville. One of these I have examined; and it is 

 undoubtedly an immature Aquila clanga. In Italy both the Larger and Lesser Spotted Eagles 

 occur on passage as stragglers ; and examples are in most of the Italian museums ; but it is by no 

 means easy to say which form predominates. Doderlein remarks that all the examples he has 

 seen from Modena, Sicily, and Genoa belong to the small form ; and the specimen I have 

 examined from Malta is also a Lesser Spotted Eagle; but Von Homeyer (J. f. O. 1875, p. 159) 

 speaks of the present species as being of more frequent occurrence in Switzerland, Italy, France, 

 and Southern Germany. In the museum at Halle, he says, he saw two young Aquila clanga 

 labelled Aquila ncevia; and in most of the collections in South Germany and Switzerland which 

 he visited he saw examples of the present species similarly labelled. Messrs. Danford and 

 Harvie-Brown write (Ibis, 1875, p. 294) that this Eagle is very rare in Transylvania, and is stated 

 to breed in the neighbourhood of Hermannstadt. Herr von Pelzeln also " thinks it probable 

 that it breeds in Transylvania." That it breeds commonly in the Lower Danube and in Turkey 

 there is no doubt ; for all the specimens obtained by Mr. Far man in Bulgaria belonged to this 

 species. This gentleman, in his notes on the ornithology of that country, published in ' The 

 Ibis,' says, referring to this species, it is " not uncommon in any part of the country, but 

 most numerous in the neighbourhood of the Devna lakes and in the Pravidy valley. In its 

 habits it strongly resembles the Buzzards, generally flying low in pursuit of its prey, which, if 



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