590 



instance of its occurrence ; but Professor Newton remarks that " Mr. Walters records the 

 occurrence of a male in the county Longford in 1846, and lately one was observed in county 

 Wicklow by Mr. A. Basil Brooke." 



It does not occur in Greenland, Iceland, or the Faeroes; but it is one of the commonest 

 species in Scandinavia. Collett says that it breeds throughout Norway, but within the Arctic 

 circle it becomes rarer, though, according to Nordvi, it is a resident here and there in East 

 Finmark. Although common all along the coast, yet it prefers the wooded portions of the 

 interior, and occasionally penetrates in the fells above the conifer region. In Sweden. Professor 

 Sundevall says, it is generally distributed and tolerably common as far north as there is high 

 forest ; thus in Finmark proper it is either wanting or very rare above 70° N. lat. It is partly 

 resident and partly migratory ; for the young birds leave at the approach of winter, whereas the 

 old birds remain throughout the year, even in Lapland. I met with it in several parts of 

 Finland ; and Von Wright says that in Finland it is very generally distributed throughout the 

 country at all seasons of the year. In Russia, Mr. SabanaefF informs me, it is common and 

 generally distributed ; and he adds that a large race breeds in the Jaroslaf Government, and only 

 occurs near Moscow on passage ; but I have received many specimens from near Archangel, all 

 of which closely agree with Swedish and German examples. SabanaefF also met with it 

 throughout the Perm Government in the Ural. Throughout the Baltic Provinces and in 

 Germany this bird is extremely common in suitable localities ; and Mr. Benzon writes to me 

 that in Denmark it " breeds throughout the country, not only in the larger forests, but also in 

 the parks. In Jutland, especially in Vendsyssel, it is comparatively rare, but is only here 

 and there to be met with breeding on the islands. This spring (1875) a pair built in the 

 ' Sandermarken,' a park attached to the Castle of Fredriksberg, one of the most frequented^ 

 promenades near Copenhagen ; and from there the bird paid a visit to the Zoological Gardens 

 and took a Duck; but after being fired at, it did not think fit to repeat the visit." It is not 

 very common in Belgium and Luxemburg ; but a few breed in the wooded districts ; and 

 Mr. Labouchere informs me that it breeds in the southern provinces of Holland. In France, 

 Messrs. Degland and Gerbe say, it is tolerably common, and breeds in most suitable localities, 

 as, for instance, in the Dauphine, the Hautes Pyrenees, the Basses Alpes, Anjou, Champagne, 

 and Lorraine. It appears to be rare in Portugal; and Dr. E. Rey says (J. f. O. 1872, p. 42) 

 that he only once saw it in Estremadura; and in Spain, Mr. Saunders writes (Ibis, 1871, p. 64), 

 it is " rare in Andalucia ; but in the pure forests of Segm - a it is not uncommon." Colonel Irby, 

 who says that it is well known in the wooded districts of Andalucia, considers it somewhat rare, 

 and only once took its nest, on the 15th May, 1871, in the Soto Gordo; and Lord Lilford, who 

 met with it once or twice in Andalucia and Catalonia, took a nest in the Coto Dofiana. 



It is found in Savoy ; but those which remain to breed are few in number, compared with 

 those which pass and repass during the seasons of migration. In Italy it is, according to 

 Salvadori, on the whole rare, but it has been obtained in every province : in Sicily it is local, 

 being unknown near Palermo ; but it is stated to breed in the wooded portions of the interior 

 and near Messina, and it is said to be tolerably common in Sardinia. It is generally distributed 

 in Southern Germany, and, according to Dr. A. Fritsch, breeds numerously in Bohemia, but is 

 scarcely as common as the Peregrine. It also breeds in Bosnia ; but, according to Dr. Kruper, 



