I INTRODUCTION 7 



Flowers may be divided into groups according to 

 the manner in which the anthers and stigma are pro- 

 tected against wet and cold. 



1. Pendent or hanging flowers : as, for instance, 

 some Campanulas, Heaths, Rhododendrons, Eosacese 

 (Geum), Solanacese (Atropa), Boraginese (Pulmonaria), 

 Ranunculacese (Aquilegia), Liliacese (Convallaria), Ama- 

 ryllidaceiB (Snowdrop, Leucojum), etc. 



2. Others are more or less horizontal : as, for instance, 

 Viola, Aconitum, most Labiates, as Lamium (Dead- 

 nettle), Nepeta (Ground Ivy), Stachys, Prunella, etc. ; 

 Leguminosse, Scrophulariacese, as Antirrhinum (Snap- 

 dragon), Linaria, Mimulus, etc. 



3. Others are upright, but the anthers and stigmas 

 are arched over by the sepals or petals, or both : as, for 

 instance, among Ranunculaceae, Trollius and Eranthis. 



4. Others are protected by the leaves : as, for instance, 

 Tilia (Lime) and Impatiens (Balsam). 



5. Another group stand upright, but (a) the passage 

 is so narrow that rain and dew cannot enter, or (b) it is 

 partly closed by projections or (c) by hairs : as, for in- 

 stance, some Primulas and Geraniums. 



6. Some flowers are upright by day or in sun- 

 shine, but hang down at night or in rain : as, for 

 instance, some Campanulas (C. patula), Scabiosas, 

 Geraniums {G. Rohertianum), Epilobiums, Anemones, 

 Saxifrages, etc. 



Sometimes it is the flower-stalk which bends, some- 

 times, as in Epilobium, the ovary. 



7. In some cases the flowers or flower-heads close : 

 as, for instance, many Composites, Crocus, Gentians, 

 Campanulas, Peonies, Flaxes, Water-lilies, Anemones, 

 Erythrsea. 



Sometimes the anthers themselves open or close : 

 according to the weather : as, for instance, in Alchemilla 

 (Lady's Mantle), Laurus, Plantago, Thesium, etc. Those 

 of Thesium alpinum are said to close in 30 seconds if 

 moistened. 



In addition to the ordinary coloured flowers, some 



