24 BKITrSH FLOWERI.VG PLANTS chap. 



as ill many others, they serve to protect the young 

 leaves. Every one who loves a garden knows to his 

 cost how delicate young leaves are ; how susceptible 

 to cold, so that often — too often — the bright promise 

 of spring is ruined by a single cold night. Moreover, 

 young leaves require protection not merely from cold 

 but from too great heat, from dryness, moisture, and 

 light, as well as against the attacks of animals. 



The principal modes by Avhich they are protected 

 are : — ■ 



1. By the preceding leaves, as in Hypericum. 



2. By the base of the preceding leaf, which persists 

 through the winter, as in Spartium, sometimes forming 

 a cup, covering the bud as in Philadelphus, the Mock 

 Orange or Syringa of gardens. 



3. By scales which represent modified outer leaves, 

 as in Willows. 



4. By scales which represent leaf -stalks, as in 

 Maples and Ash. 



5. By scale:! which represent stipules, as in Beech 

 and Oak. If an Oak bud be carefully opened, more 

 than forty scales will be counted before coming to a 

 true leaf. 



6. By the two connate stipules of a leaf, as in Elm 

 and Spanish Chestnut. 



7. By two connate stipules belonging to different 

 leaves, as in the Hop. 



8. By spines. 



9. By furry hair. 



10. By gum, resin, or mucus. 



Leaves may be arranged in various classes : ever- 

 green or deciduous, broad or narrow, opposite or 

 alternate, entire or divided, hairy or smooth, etc. etc. 



Deciduous plants keep their leaves on longer as the 

 summers lengthen. The Cherry {Primus Cerasus) keeps 

 its leaves longer in Southern Europe, and in Ceylon is 

 evergreen. 



Broad leaves are generally horizontal, narrow leaves 

 more or less upright. Thus many trees and herbs, such 



