'I RUBIACE^fE 225 



to be chiefly frequented by flies. The calyx teeth 

 enlarge after flowering, and the fruit is covered with 

 bristles, which probably assist in dissemination. 



ASPERULA 



AVe have two species — A. cynanchica, with glabrous, 

 and A. odorata, with hispid, fruit. 



A. cynanchica (Squinancy-wort). — The flowers secrete 

 a rich supply of honey. H. Miiller describes two forms 

 ^one with smooth, white, rather blunt petals, while in 

 the other the petals are rough, pointed, and with three 

 red lines. The pollen easily drops from the anthers on 

 to the stigma. 



A. odorata (Woodruff). — The flowers are larger, but 

 resemble those of A. cynanchica. They are very sweet. 

 The leaves are extremely sensitive to light, and while 

 healthy green in the shadow of a thick wood, soon turn 

 sickly yellow if the trees are cut down and the plant 

 is exposed to the full sunlight. They are larger and 

 more delicate than those of most of their allies, no doubt 

 from living in localities which are shady and moist. 

 (See Dentaria, p. 80, and Petasites, Butter-bur, p. 236.) 



Galium 



The small flowers have free-lying honey. Insects 

 probably carry the pollen from flower to flower very 

 often on their feet. The anthers and stigma are, how- 

 ever, so close that no doubt the flowers frequently 

 fertilise themselves. We have ten or eleven species. 



6. Aparine (Cleavers), takes its common name from 

 the recurved hooks on the angles of the slender four- 

 sided stem, by means of which the plant clings, and is 

 able to scramble over other vegetation. The leaves are 

 also hispid, and similar hooked bristles occur on the 

 rather large fruit and aid in its distribution. 



G. Cruciata. — According to Darwin the flowers are 

 andromonoecious ; the lower ones male, the upper com- 

 plete. Schulz, however, gives a different account. He 

 found the earlier flowers of each shoot complete, the 



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