388 BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS chap. 



as the bud, or nearly so ; but after the resumption of 

 growth they soon extend beyond the coriaceous ones, 

 keeping pace for a time with the elongated axis, and 

 completely enclosing the young true leaves. These inner 

 scales elongate chiefly in the lower portion, which seems 

 to correspond to the pedestal. They are, on the whole, 

 more or less spatulate, but vary in form, and the apical 

 portion may be regarded as corresponding to the lamina, 

 because there is generally a trace of a joint or articula- 

 tion. This apical portion is slightly more coriaceous 

 and browner than the long and very membranous lower 

 portion. Some of the inner scales are more or less 

 evidently trifid (Pig. 317) or tridentate, the lateral 

 lobes appearing to correspond to the shoulders seen 

 below the pedestal of the normal and perfect leaf The 

 innermost scales (Fig. 318) are suddenly widened at the 

 apex, forming a hood or cap rolled round the apex of 

 the bud, and completely covering and protecting the 

 young leaves. The stomata are arranged in two series 

 on the under side of the leaf, and are protected by a 

 waxy secretion, which gives rise to two white stripes. 

 The seeds take two seasons to ripen. 



The " witches' brooms " which sometimes appear on 

 Silver Firs are caused by the growth of a fungus, 

 ^cidium elatinum. 



Jtjniperus (Juniper) 



J. communis. — In this species also the stomata are 

 arranged in two series and protected by a waxy secre- 

 tion, so that the leaves have two white stripes on the 

 upper surface. The leaves are linear, spreading and 

 ending in a stifi" point. In hot dry countries many 

 species have scale-like leaves closely appressed to the 

 stem, and partly covered by other leaves, which 

 diminishes the transpiring surface. That the narrow 

 spreading leaves are the original form is shown by the 

 fact that in the species with scale-like appressed leaves 

 the seedlings have linear spreading ones, and only 

 afterwards produce the other form. In some species, 



