ORDERS OF INSECTS. 



177 



and metamorjihohied maxilhe (fig. 109, B). The wings are four in 

 number, and are covered more or less completely with moditied 

 hairs or scales, which are pretty objects under the microscope, and 

 from which the wings derive their beautiful colours. The larvte of 

 the Lcpidoptera (fig. 123) are generally known as caterpillars. They 



Fig. 123. — Large Calil)agii Wliite Butterfly (Ponila hra&f^ictr), a Lar\ a or catcrjiillar ; 

 h Pupa or clirysalis ; c Imago or perfect insect. 



are worm-like, provided with masticatory organs fitted for dividing 

 solid substances, possessing false legs ("prolegs") in addition to 

 the three jjairs proper to the adult, and having attached to the 

 under lip a tubular organ or spinneret, by wliich .silken threads 

 can be manufactured. 



The Butterflies or Diurnal Lepidoptera are characterised hy being- 

 active during the daj'time, by keeping their wings mostly erect 

 when at rest (fig. 123, c')> by generally having club-shaped antenn;e, 

 and by having a chrysalis (6), which is almost always naked and 

 angular, and is generally attached to some solid object b)' silken 

 threads variously disposed. 



The Moths (fig. 124) are mostly active during the niglit-time, 

 when they are said to be " nocturnal." Many of them, however, 

 are " crepuscular " — that is to say, they are active during the hours 

 of twilight ; and a few come out in broad daylight and in the 

 brightest sunshine. The pup;e or chrysalides are never angular, 

 as in the case of the Butterflies. 



In the Crepuscular J^epidoptvra, including those forms which are 

 active dnring the twilight, the antennte are usuallj' fusiform, or 

 grow gradually thicker from the base to the apex ; the wings are 



