TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Preface 

 Glossary. . 

 Literature 



PART I. 

 The History, General Morphology and Physiology of Lichens. 



CHAPTER I. 



The History of Lichenology. 



Introduction ... ... . . i 



I. Period: From Theophrastus (371-286 B. C.) to Tournefort (1694) . 2 



II. Period: From Tournefort (1694) to Micheli (1729) ... 6 



III. Period: From Micheli (1729) to Weber ( 1779) .... . .7 



IV. Period: From Weber (1779) to Wallroth and Meyer (1825) . 11 

 V. Period: From Wallroth and Meyer (1825) to Schwendener (1868) . . . 17 



VI. Period: From Schwendener. ( 1868) to Reinke (1894) 24 



VII. Period: From Reinke (1894) to the close of 1896 . . .28 



CHAPTER II. 



Introduction 

 I. Antagonistic Symbiosis (Para- 

 sitism) . 31 



1. Antagonistic Symbiosis of 

 Fungi with Lichens . 32 



2. Antagonistic Sj'mbiosis of 

 Lichens with Lichens (Syn- 

 trophy) . . .33 



Symbiosis 



31 



3. Antagonistic Symbiosis 

 Lichens with Mosses 

 II. Nutricism. . . 

 III. Mutualistic Symbiosis.. 



1. Mutualism . , 



2. Individualism 



3. Contingent Mutualism . 



oi 



34 

 35 

 36 

 36 

 37 

 39 



CHAPTER III. 

 The General Morphology and Physiology of Lichens. 



Introduction 

 I. Organs of Assimilation 

 1. TheThallus . 



(a) Tegmentary Layer (Dermis). 



(b) The Upper Cortical Layer. 



(c) The Algal Layer (Gonidial Layer) . 



(d) The Medullary Layer. 



(e) The Lower Cortical Layer. 



2. Types of Thalli. . . 



(a) The Crustaceous Type. 



(b) The Foliose Type. 



(c) The Fruticose Type. 



3. Breathing Pores 



4. The Cyphellae . 



5. The Cephalodia. . . . 



(a) Ectotrophic Cephalodia. 



(b) Endotrophic Cephalodia. 



6. The Rhizoids 59 



40 

 40 

 40 



47 



52 

 52 

 55 



7. The Cilia 61 



II. Reproductive and Propaga- 



tive Organs. 62 



1. The Apothecia . , 62 

 (a) The Epithecium. 



(i) The Thecium. 



(c) The Hypolhecium. 



'd) The Upper Algal Layer. 



(e) The Medullary Layer. 



(f) The Lower Algal Layer. 



(g) The Cortical Layer. 



2. Types of Apothecia . . 66 



(a) The Fungal Type. 



(b) The Thalline Type. 



3. The Sor'edia . . -67 



4. TheThecial Algae (Hymenial 

 Gonidia) ... . 68 



