42 HOPS. 



placed in the same category. All these instances are the 

 result of unknown causes, and the same applies equally to a 

 whole series of other deviations from the normal investigated 

 by Holzner and Lermer,^ whose remarks are now reproduced 

 in extenso. 



Malformations may result from deformed growth of 

 parts of the spicula, deviations in the relative juxtaposition 

 of the spiculse, or in consequence of the development of 

 normally undeveloped portions of the spiculse and spike. 



I. Deviations resulting from deformed growths are least 

 remarkable. To this class belong : — 



1. Deformation of the bracts. 



2. Deformation of the stems of the two central flowers. 



3. Deformation of the bracteoles of two flowers with 

 intergrown deformed stems. 



II. The second class of deviations, resulting from irregu- 

 larities in the positions of the spiculse, observed by Holzner 

 and Lermer includes : — 



1. Abnormal elongation of the cones, caused by an 

 unusual development of the spike. 



2. The crossing of a larger or smaller number of spiculse. 



3. Spiculse with branchlets placed at angles of 90° only, 

 instead of being opposite ; so that each appears to form a 

 single spicula with 8, 7, or 6 blossoms. 



4. Spiculse with blossoms arranged in an ascending line, 

 so that when the angle of divergence between successive 

 spiculse is one of 90° a spiral effect is produced. 



III. The more or less extensive development of the primal 

 branchlet of a spicula may result in the formation of — 



1. A small bud at the apex of the otherwise unelongated 

 branchlet ; 



2. A small leaflet at the. apex ; 



1 Zeitschrift, filr das gesammte Brauwesen, 1892, No. 36. 



