214 HOPS. 



Schwend employs two separate sets of wires (or rather 

 galvanised-wire rope), one for stiffening the frame and 

 rendering it storm-proof, whilst the other serves for training 

 the plants. The posts are set in brickwork, those at the ends 

 being on the slope, and are topped with galvanised-iron caps. 

 The frame is 23 to 27 feet high and is very strong and well 

 constructed of the best materials, the cost being Is. to Is. 3d. 

 per plant. The training wire ropes are suspended from the 

 head wires and attached at the bottom to strong spiral pegs 

 of iron wire (Fig. -56). With the exception of the alleys 

 containing the sloping posts the garden can be ploughed in 

 all directions. 



Fia. 56. — Spiral iron peg. 



The Heijak system is somewhat cheaper and more simple, 

 there being no special storm wires. Diagonal wires are 

 employed for strengthening the frame, and chains are used 

 instead of wire rope. Each thirty plants form a separate 

 system. The training wires can be easily hooked on to or 

 released from the head wires. Originally, vertical training 

 was contemplated, the frames being 27 feet high, but 

 subsequently the height was reduced to 13 to 16 feet. 



The Kirschner mast system and the Kastner ring wire 

 system are devoid of importance. 



The reasons leading to the adoption of low frames have 

 already been discussed. At the outset it may be said that 



