80 VETERINAET STATE BOARD 



extremity of the tongue, the free portion, is quite free from the 

 middle of the interdental space to the tip ; by its inferior face, it is 

 fixed to the body of the inferior maxilla by a fold of mucous mem- 

 brane, the fraenum lingua. 



The superior surface of the tongue is not smooth but is covered 

 with innumerable papillas, which, according to their shape, are 

 termed filiform, fungiform and calciform. 



The blood supply to the tongue is by the lingual and sublingual 

 arteries and the nerve supply by the lingual, ninth and twelfth pairs. 



Function : concerned in prehension, mastication, deglutition and 

 taste. 



Name the three principal salivary glands and the duct or ducts of each. 

 Parotid, Steno's duct; submaxillary, Wharton's duct; sublin- 

 gual, 15 or 20 ducts (of Rivinus) . 



Describe the pharynx, giving particular attention to its connection vyith 

 the mouth, nose and ears. 

 The pharynx is a membranous vestibule common to the digestive 

 and air passages, situated behind the soft palate; attached above 

 to the base of the cranium and below to the laryngeal apparatus. 



It communicates with the mouth through the isthmus of the 

 fauces, with the nose through the posterior nares, and with the 

 middle ear through the guttural pouch and eustachian tube. 



Describe the oesophagus and give its relations. 



The oesophagus is an elongated, muscular canal extending from 

 the pharynx to the stomach. It is made up of superficial longi- 

 tudinal and deep circular muscular fibres and is lined internally 

 by mucous membrane. At its upper extremity it is comprised be- 

 tween the guttural pouch and the posterior crico-arytenoid muscles. 

 In the cervical region, superiorly, it lies between the trachea and the 

 longus colli muscles, bordered on the side by the carotid artery, the 

 great sjonpathetic, pneumogastric and inferior laryngeal .nerves ; 

 inferiorly, it is related to the trachea, internally, the inferior sca- 

 lenus muscle and the jugular vein, externally. In its thoracic por- 

 tion, it lies along the trachea, passes above the left bronchus, to the 

 right of the thoracic aorta, against the internal face of the lungs. 

 Passing through the diaphragm, it is lodged in a fissure of the liver 

 and terminates in the cardiac opening of the stomach. 



Name the organs contained in the abdominal cavity. 



Stomach, large and small intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen, kid- 

 neys, ovaries and uterus. 



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