82 VETERINARY STATE BOARD 



to those on the tongue. Two openings, one into the oesophagus, the 

 other into the reticulum, are close together. 



Describe the internal surface of the recticulum of the ox. 



It is divided by ridges of the mucous membrane into polyhedral 

 cells which look like honeycomb. In the centres of the cells and 

 deeply situated are conical papillae. 



Name some of the synon}mis for the omasum and give the reason for 

 these names. 

 Manyplus, manyplies, many-leaves and psalterium. 

 So named because of the peculiar arrangement of the mucous 

 membrane, which is disposed into 25 to 30 unequally developed 

 leaves, arranged longitudinally, adherent to the great curvature and 

 free on the border turned toward the lesser curvature. This arrange- 

 ment gives the opened organ an appearance not unlike that of an 

 open book. 



Describe the arrangement of the mucous membrane in the first, second, 

 third and fourth stomachs of the ox. 



See answers to three preceding questions. The mucous mem- 

 brane of the fourth stomach is practically the same as in the horse, 

 q.v. 



Give the length of the intestines of (a) the horse, (b) the cow, (c) the 

 dog. 



(a) 100 feet; (b) 180 feet; (c) 14 feet. 



Describe the small intestine and name its divisions. 



The small intestine, a tube 75 feet in length, begins at the pyloric 

 orifice of the stomach, turns transversely to the left, forms numerous 

 folds, being suspended in the mesentery (a fold of the peritoneum), 

 and terminates in the caecum in the right hypochondriac region. The 

 diameter of the tube is variable in different portions and in all por- 

 tions depends upon the contraction of the muscular tunic, but aver- 

 ages 1 to 1% inches. 



Three coats: outer serous, middle muscular, and inner mucous. 

 Blood supply by the great mesenteric and cceliac axis. Nerves from 

 the solar plexus. 



Divisions : duodenum, jejunum and ileum. 



Describe the double (fixed) colon. 



The double colon begins at the CEecum, passes forward, then 

 bends backward and to the left, forming the suprasternal curvature, 

 lying above the sternum, then backward and turning again to form 

 the pelvic flexure, then runs forward to the diaphragm, forming 



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