PHYSIOLOGY* 



What does the study of physiology comprise ? 



The sum of the knowledge concerning the function of living 

 things. 



Define excretion. Mention four ways in which waste matter of the 

 properties of cells." 

 All animal and vegetable life is composed of minute structural 

 elements, called "cells." Every living organism is derived from 

 a parent cell, the ovum, which, through endless division and sub- 

 division, develops into a mature body. Since physiology treats of 

 the structure and function of living things, it may be truly said 

 that "physiology is the study of the properties of cells." 



What properties does a cell possess? 



A cell wall, cell body of protoplasm which includes a nucleus 

 and a nucleolus. The vital manifestations of a cell embrace 

 metabolism, growth, reproduction and irritability. 



Describe cell division. 



Direct cell division, the simplest form, consists of a direct cleav- 

 age of the cell body and nucleus into two parts. 



Karyokinesis, mitosis or indirect cell division, is more complex 

 and includes a series of changes involving the nucleus, the centro- 

 somes and the cytoplasm. In this form, the chromatin of the nucleus 

 arranges itself in a star-shaped skein, the bars of which compose 

 themselves symmetrically. The two symmetrical parts separate, 

 followed by a cleavage of the cell body, making two distinct cells 

 in which the chromatin granules are more or less scattered. The 

 latter then assume a normal appearance and soon each new cell 

 prepares itself for division. 



Name the eliminative organs of the body and state what each elim- 

 inates. 



Skin: Eliminates water, urea, uric acid, fatty acids, carbon 

 dioxide, serum albumin, serum globulin, fat, and sodium and potas- 

 sium salts. 



Kidneys: Eliminate water, urea, uric acid, hippuric acid, ben- 

 zoic acid, phenol, sulphates, phosphates, and chlorides of sodium, 

 potassium, calcium and magnesium. 



* Unlesa otherwise stated all questions relate to the horse. 

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