126 VETERINARY STATE BOARD 



Compare the urine of herbivora with the urine of camivora as to its 

 chemical reaction and give the cause for the difference. 



The urine of herbivora is alkaline, owing to the excess of alkaline 

 salts of organic acids contained in their food, such as malic, citric, 

 tartaric and succinic. These salts are converted into carbonates 

 during their passage through the body and appear as such in the 

 urine. The urine of carnivora is acid in reaction, due to the pres- 

 ence of the acid phosphate of soda. 



Give the reaction and specific gravity of the urine of (a) the horse, (b) 

 the ox, (c) the sheep, (d) the dog. 



(a) Alkaline, 1035; (b) alkaline, 1020; (c) alkaline, 1010; 

 (d) acid, 1050. 



What is the average amount, by weight, of excreta and of urine passed 

 in 24 hours by (a) the horse, (b) the cow? 



(a) Excreta, 24 lbs. ; urine, 8I/2 pints. 



(b) Excreta, 75 lbs. ; urine, 25 pints. 



What are the sources of urea? 



Urea is a nitrogenous end-product, derived from proteid food 

 and proteid tissues. These substances, after destruction, are dis- 

 charged into the blood in the form of ammonia compounds and are 

 then converted into urea in the liver. 



State the causes, racial, dietetic and pathologic, that tend to cause 

 acidity of the urine. 

 The urine of camivora is acid, due to the acid phosphate of soda. 

 A flesh diet or starvation, when the animal is living on its own 

 tissue, produces acidity of the urine. If a horse is fed exclusively 

 on oats, its urine becomes acid, because the acidity increases with 

 the nitrogen contents of the food; oats are very rich in nitrogen. 

 The urine of herbivora is acid in fevers when the appetite is lost or 

 impaired, also in catarrh of the intestinal tract. 



Nutrition 



Define (a) metabolism, (b) anabolism, (c) catabolism. What is meant 

 by the metabolism of nutrition? 



(a) The changes occurring in living tissues; the building up 

 and breaking down of the body tissues. 



(b) The building up process or the conversion of matter into 

 protoplasm. 



(e) The breaking down process or the conversion of protoplasm 

 into a lower state of organization and ultimately into waste 

 products. 



By the term ' ' metabolism of nutrition ' ' is meant the constructive 

 or anabolic metabo^sn^^|^,^th^£roce^s^^f assimilation. 



