148 VETERINARY STATE BOARD 



in bone substance. If cachexia is present, the bone-marrow is pale, 

 gelatinous, and even watery. Anemia, cachexia and oedematous 

 infiltration of the body is present. Atrophy and fatty degeneration 

 of the muscles attached to the affected bones. Recent or old frac- 

 tures, showing callous formation, may be present. 



What are the lesions of arthritis chronica deformans tarsi (spavin) ? 



The lesions, confined usually to the articular cartilage of the 

 ciuieiform and of the upper part of the metatarsus, thougli some- 

 times the scaphoid and other bones of the hock are involved, con- 

 sist of ulceration, abrasions, and at the borders of the articular 

 surfaces, rugged, uneven swellings produced by the thickening of 

 the articular cartilage which is ossified. Under the microscope, the 

 intercellular substance is seen to be fibrillated and the cartilage cells 

 to be undergoing multiplication. The synovial membrane is thick- 

 ened and vascular. Partial or complete ankylosis of the articular 

 surfaces and ossification of the ligaments are seen. 



What is caries? 



The molecular decay or death of bone (teeth) in which it becomes 

 softened, discolored and porous. It corresponds to ulceration in 

 soft tissues. 



Give the causes of dental caries. 



By the fermentation of starchy foods in the mouth, brought 

 about through the action of bacteria, acids are produced which 

 soften the enamel and permit the entrance of other bacteria into 

 the dentin, producing caries. 



Define (a) periostitis, (b) periarthritis, (c) arthritis. 



(a) Inflammation of the covering of bone (periosteum). 



(b) Inflammation of the structures surrounding a joint. 



(c) Inflammation of a joint, characterized by great pain, heat, 

 redness and swelling. 



Heart and Blood-vessels 



Name lesions that may be found in chronic heart disease. 



Thickening of the endocardium, borders of valves, and of the 

 chordfe tendinse. Insufficiency of the valves. Heart wall thickened, 

 soUd, and contains grayish-white spots or streaks (scars). Patty 

 degeneration of muscle fibres. 



Give the causes and lesions of cardiac hypertrophy. 



Causes : severe work, disturbance in circulation requiring more 

 force in the heart action, as chronic interstitial nephritis, lung dis- 



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