174 VETERINARY STATE BOARD 



Treatment: Avoid irritating wound; use milk catheter; keep 

 udder clean and dry ; isolate and vaccinate ; Epsom salts internally ; 

 sodium hyposulphite, 1 per cent, solution, or oxide of zinc oint- 

 ment externally. 



Give the accessory causes of tetanus. 



Essential cause is the bacillus tetani. Accessory causes : traumas, 

 especially punctured wounds, castration, amputation of the tail, 

 pricks in shoeing, parturition, unhealed navel, etc. 



What genera are most subject to tetanus? Why? 



Solipeds, because they are more susceptible to the action of the 

 virus and more subject to traumatism. 



Give the diagnostic symptoms, prevention and treatment of tetanus. 



Symptoms: generalized tonic spasms, "saw-horse" attitude, 

 head and tail extended, ears rigid, eyes sunken and fixed, protrusion 

 of the membrana nictitans, nostrils dilated, hyperesthesia, difficult 

 swallowing, temperature normal or slightly elevated, constipation. 



Prevention: Avoid traumatism, especially nail wounds of the 

 feet. Treat all wounds antiseptically. Tetanus antitoxin, if given 

 before symptoms appear, in dose of 750 units, will prevent the 

 disease. 



Treatment: Nothing specific. Disinfect the seat of infection; 

 provide quiet quarters; feed easily masticated, laxative diet; keep 

 fresh water before patient; empty rectum and bladder at frequent 

 intervals with the hand; antispasmodics may help in controlling 

 spasms; phenol, magnesium sulphate, bromides, hydrocyanic acid, 

 lobelia, tetanus antitoxin, etc., are of disputed therapeutic value. 



State the cause of malignant oedema. Name the microbe and give 

 symptoms and course. 

 Cause: wound infection by bacillus cedematis maligni. 

 Symptoms : Suddenly appearing and rapidly spreading swelling 

 which is cedematous and crepitates on palpation ; hot and tender at 

 first but later becomes insensitive; if incised, a reddish-yellow or 

 colorless serous fluid containing air-bubbles is discharged ; dyspncea, 

 cyanotic membranes, colicky pains, tympanites, high temperature ; 

 death may occur in a few hours or, at the longest, three days after 

 appearance of the first symptoms. Recovery exceptional. 

 Describe the symptoms of hemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle. 



Sudden checking in milk secretion, difficult swallowing, anorexia, 

 general dulness, high temperature, diarrhoeal discharge dark in color 

 or may be bloody ; bloody urine and bloody serous discharge from 

 nostrils ; painful cedematous swellings about the legs, shoulders and 



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