QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 211 



Give the causes and treatment of ulcer. 



Causes: Continuous inflammatory irritation, foreign bodies, 

 necrosed bone, cartilage and teeth ; constant licking, shaking of ears 

 and tail; specific causes, as tuberculosis, glanders, actinomycosis, 

 etc. ; microorganisms. 



Treatment : Remove cause ; extirpate, curette, fire with hot iron, 

 or use chemical cauterizing agents. Internally, potassium iodide is 

 a specific for actinomycosis ; glanders ulcers are not treated. 



Name ten important fistulae in domestic animals. 



1. Fistula of lateral cartilages (Quittor). 



2. Tooth fistula. 



3. Bone fistula. 



4. Fistula of the spermatic cord following castration. 



5. Fistulous withers and poU evil. 



6. Milk fistula. 



7. Salivary fistula. 



8. Ear fistula in the horse (teratomata). 



9. (Esophageal fistula. 

 10. Vaginorectal fistula. 



Define gangrene. Name the different kinds and give treatment. 



Gangrene is defined as the death of tissue, due either to direct 

 destruction of a part by burns, etc., to interference with the circu- 

 lation, or to insufficient blood-supply. 



Kinds : Dry and moist ; hot and cold ; putrid ; circumscribed and 

 progressive; septic and aseptic; emphysematous; coagulation- 

 necrosis. 



Treatment: Operative removal of the dead part; amputate a 

 whole organ or part if necessary ; thorough disinfection. 



Tumors 



Define tumor. Give a classification of tumors. 



A tumor is a mass of new tissue which persists and grows inde- 

 pendently of its surrounding structures, and which has no physio- 

 logical use. 



Clinical classification : malignant and non-malignant or benign. 



Differentiate malignant tumors and non-malignant tumors. 



Malignant tumors develop rapidly with a destruction of neigh- 

 boring tissues, have a tendency toward ulcerative degenerations, 

 and are especially distinguished for the formation of metastases 

 and the production of cachexia. 



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