QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 215 



Occurs most commonly between the head of the femur and the 

 OS innominata, following fracture of the rim of the cotyloid cavity. 

 Also occurs on the first phalanx, and on the posterior false ribs. 



Define luxation. Give causes of luxation. 



Luxation is the displacement of the articular surfaces of one 

 or more bones of a joint from their normal relation to each other. 



Causes: Traumatism, pathological changes (alterations of the 

 joint from disease, or paralysis of the surrounding muscles), and 

 congenital malformations. 



Tendons and Tendon-sheaths 



Give the causes and the treatment of tendinitis. 



Strains, overextensions, and partial ruptures. Predisposing 

 causes: Too long and too weak fetlocks, low heels and long toes, 

 abnormal positions, enforced standing. Occurs secondary to infec- 

 tious diseases (contagious pleuropneumonia). 



Treatment: Rest. In acute conditions, cold irrigation and cold 

 compresses; slight massage and a pressure bandage; shorten the 

 toe and shoe with high heel calks and no toe calk. Chronic cases 

 need warmth, blistering and sometimes firiag, in addition to rest 

 and special shoe. 



What are the causes of tendon rupture? 



Partial rupture occurs in strains. Complete rupture is caused 

 by traumatisms, overexertion and overstretching, especially when 

 predisposed by suppurative inflammation, necrosis, contagious 

 pleuropneumonia, osteomalacia or continued standing on three feet. 



Give causes, symptoms and treatment of tendovaginitis. 



Causes: Traumatisms, infectious diseases (contagious pleuro- 

 pneumonia, septicEemia, articular rheumatism, contagious abortion, 

 etc.), cold, infection through wounds. 



Symptoms: Lameness, more or less pain and local heat; soft, 

 fluctuating or crepitating swelling in the region of affected tendon- 

 sheath. In infected forms, abscess formation may appear, accom- 

 panied by fever. Chronic cases show thickening and adhesions of 

 the tendon-sheaths. 



Treatment: Rest. Moist warmth, pressure bandage. Long- 

 standing cases require mild blisters, or iodine applications. Severe 

 chronic cases may be benefited by firing. Infected cases should be 

 treated with antiseptics. Supply free drainage for pus if present, 

 not hesitating to open the sheath its full length if deemed necessary. 



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