224 VETERINARY STATE BOARD 



sionally liemorrhagic, nasal discharge with unilateral swelling of 

 the submaxillary lymph-gland is seen. Polypi may be long enough 

 to protrude or be seen in the nostril. 



Treatment : Operative removal with scalpel, scissors or ecraseur. 



What are the diseases for which tracheotomy are performed? De- 

 scribe the operation. 



Dyspnoea due to obstructions in the upper air passages from 

 roaring, tumors or other swellings in the nasal passages, larynx, 

 upper part of the trachea, etc., foreign bodies in the trachea, diseases 

 of the larynx, trachea and bronchi which demand intratracheal 

 irrigation or other treatment. 



Operation : Shave and disinfect the skin over the trachea in the 

 superior third of the neck. Operate on the standing animal, using 

 twitch. Make an incision, 6 to 8 cm. long, on the median line, 

 through the sMn and between the two sternothyroideus muscles 

 down on to the trachea. Remove a semicircular piece from each of 

 two adjoining rings (avoid complete severance of the rings). In 

 an emergency, requiring great haste, two or three rings may be in- 

 cised but the former method is to be preferred because of the lesser 

 liability of stenosis following healing. 



Give the causes, symptoms and treatment of paralysis of the lips. 



Causes: Injury to the facial nerve where it passes over the 

 posterior border of the lower jaw. Tumors, pressing on the nerve, 

 may produce paralysis. Some paralyses are of central origin, i.e., 

 due to cerebral lesions. 



Symptoms : Lips are distorted to one side in unilateral paralysis, 

 and hang flaccid in bilateral condition. DifSculty in prehension 

 of food is noted. The lips and cheeks are injured by the teeth. In 

 paralysis of central origin, the upper eyelid droops and the ear 

 hangs limp. 



Treatment : Remove accumulated food from the cheeks after each 

 meal. Give easUy masticated food. A blister may be applied over 

 the point where the nerve emerges on the upper margin of the lower 

 maxilla, but its value is questionable. Most cases of peripheral 

 paralyses recover in 4 to 6 weeks. 



Describe caries of the teeth and give treatment. 



Caries of the teeth is the term used to describe the process which 

 results in the gradual destruction of the cement and dentin, the 

 enamel remaining comparatively intact. Caries is caused by the 

 entrance of microorganisms through small openings in the enamel. 



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