234 VETERINARY STATE BOARD 



(b) Wash and disinfect the external genitals. With the fingers 

 of one hand, locate the urethral orifice and with the other hand 

 direct the catheter into it and force it gently into the bladder. 



(c) Same as the mare. The urethral orifice is a little more diffi- 

 cult to locate on account of the overlying folds of mucous membrane. 



(d) Same as in the gelding. Only the forward end of the 

 urethra as far as the " S ' '-shaped curve can be catheterized. 



Diseases of the Generative Organs 

 Describe the operation of castration of the male. What ill effects may 

 follows and how can they be prevented? 



The operation may be performed on the standing animal but is 

 safer for the operator if the patient is cast and secured on its back 

 or side. Wash and disinfect the scrotum, grasp the testicle, enclosed 

 in the scrotum, and hold firmly. Make an incision, 8 to 10 cm. long, 

 parallel with and about 2 cm. from the median raphe. Carry the 

 incision through the skin, dartos and tunics until the testicle pro- 

 trudes through the opening. Grasp the testicle and gently pull it 

 out. (By cutting the cremaster muscle, the testicle can be drawn 

 out farther and easier.) Place the emasculator close up to the 

 external ring and sever the cord. Leave the instrument in place 

 for a few minutes to prevent hemorrhage. The wound will usually 

 heal without any attention. 



Hemorrhage may occur, but if the emasculator is perfect and 

 is left in place for a sufficient length of time, there is little danger. 

 Blood-clots may form if the external opening is too small. Wound 

 infection can usually be avoided by careful antiseptic preparation. 

 Scirrhous cord may result from leaving the cord too long and 

 exposed. 



Give the causes, symptoms and treatment of scirrhous cord. 



Causes : Wound infection following castration. May be due to 

 a faulty method of castration, leaving the cord too long and exposed. 

 Infection leads to a chronic inflammation of the stump of the cord. 



Symptoms: A firm, hard, and slightly painful swelling in the 

 region of the scrotum ; a fistulous opening, 2 to 4 inches deep, dis- 

 charging pus. The swelling may extend along the cord into the 

 abdominal cavity. 



Treatment: Remove the diseased part, if external to the abdo- 

 men. If it extends into the abdomen, nothing surgical can be done. 

 Potassium iodide, internally, may help. 



Name three diseases resulting from castration. 

 Scirrhous cord, hydrocele, peritonitis. 



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