QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 301 



useful in spasms and nervous excitement. Potassium hydroxide is a 

 caustic used on warts and tumors and to prevent the growth of 

 horns on cattle. Potassium chlorate is an antiseptic which is useful 

 in pharyngitis and stomatitis. Potassium iodide is used as an altera- 

 tive in actinomycosis and other chronic conditions. 



The salts of sodum are irritants, caustics, diuretics, cathartics, 

 and alteratives. Sodium bicarbonate is useful in gastric and intes- 

 tinal catarrh. Sodium bromide is used same as potassium bromide. 

 Sodium chloride is used intravenously in hemorrhage, anaemia, and 

 collapse, also in gastro-intestinal catarrh. Sodium sulphate is a laxa- 

 tive which is serviceable in gastro-intestinal catarrh, serous exu- 

 dates, and oedemas. Sodium hyposulphite is used as an antacid and 

 antiseptic in gastric tympany. Sodium hydroxide is used same as 

 potassium hydroxide. 



The salts of lithium are diuretics which are used in uric acid 

 calculi for their solvent action; also used in rheumatism. 



The salts of ammonium are stimulants, expectorants, diapho- 

 retics, antipyretics, diuretics, vesicants, irritants, antacids, etc. 

 Ammonium carbonate is used as an antacid in colic and tympanites, 

 as a circulatory and respiratory stimulant and a stimulating expec- 

 torant in the third stage of pneumonia, in bronchitis, emphysema, 

 and as a heart stimulant in collapse. Ammonium chloride is a stimu- 

 lant expectorant used in catarrhal bronchitis and pneumonia. Aqua 

 anunonia is an antacid useful in tympanites and externally in 

 liniments. 



What are the general actions of opium? Give the dose of opium for 

 the horse, the cow and the dog. 

 Opium is analgesic, hypnotic, diaphoretic, antispasmodic, and 

 narcotic ; also cardiac and respiratory depressant, after brief stimu- 

 lation. 



Dose of powdered opium for the horse, 20 to 90 grains ; for the 

 cow, 1 to 2 drachms ; for the dog, I/4 to 3 grains. 



State the source and the uses of opium. 



Opium is obtained in Asia Minor from the unripe capsule of 

 Papaver somniferum, or poppy plant, by incision and spontaneous 

 evaporation of the milky exudate. 



It is used as an antispasmodic in peripheral irritation ( cough) ; 

 checks excessive secretions and suppresses peristalsis in acute inflam- 

 matory affections of the bowels (the bowels should be previously 

 cleared of the irritant). Useful in pleurisy to check the develop- 

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