m THE ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF THE NOSE AND MOUTH. 



when two or three quarts have escaped, or may generally be arrested by the 

 application of a sponge filled with cold water. 



This, however, is a make-shift sort of bleeding that may be allowable on a 

 journey, and possibly in some cases of lampas, but which is decidedly objection- 

 able as the usual mode of abstracting blood. The quantity withdrawn cannot 

 be measured, the degree of inflammation cannot be ascertained by the manner in 

 which it coagulates, and there may be difficulty to the operator, and annoy- 

 ance and pain to the horse, in stopping the bleeding. 



This cut likewise depicts the appearance of the roof of the mouth if the 

 bars were dissected off, and of the numerous vessels, arterial and venous, which, 

 ramify over it. 



LAMPAS. 



The bars occasionally swell, and rise to a level with, and even beyond the 

 edge of, the teeth. They are very sore, and the horse feeds badly on account of 

 the pain he suffers from the pressure of the food on them. This is called the 

 Lampas. It may arise from inflammation of the gums, propagated to the bars, 

 when the horse is shedding his teeth — and young horses are more subject 

 to it than others — or from some slight febrile tendency in the constitution 

 generally, as when a young horse has lately been taken up from grass, and has 

 been over- fed, or not sufficiently exercised. At times it appears in aged horses, 

 for the process of growth in the teeth of the horse is continued during the whole 

 life of the animal. 



In the majority of cases the swelling will soon subside without medical treat- 

 ment ; or a few mashes, and gentle alteratives, will relieve the animal. A few 

 slight incisions across the bars with a lancet or penknife will relieve the inflamma- 

 tion, and cause the swelling to subside ; indeed, this scarification of the bars in 

 lampas will seldom do harm, although it is far from being so necessary as is sup- 

 posed. The brutal custom of the farrier, who sears and burns down the bars with a 

 red-hot iron, is most objectionable. It is torturing the horse to no purpose, and 

 rendering that part callous, on the delicate sensibility of which all the pleasure 

 and safety of riding and driving depend. It may be prudent in case of lampas 

 to examine the grinders, and more particularly the tushes, in order to ascertain 

 whether either of them is making its way through the gum. If it is so, two in- 

 cisions across each other should be made on the tooth, and the horse will expe- 

 rience immediate relief. 



THE LOWER JAW. 



The posterior or lower jaw may be considered as forming the floor of the 

 mouth, (a, p. 108, or w, p. 111). The body or lower part of it contains the under 

 cutting teeth and the tushes, and at the sides are two flat pieces of bone containing 

 the grinders. On the inside, and opposite to a, p. 108, is a foramen or hole through 

 which blood-vessels and nerves enter to supply the teeth, and some of which escape 

 again at another orifice on the outside, and near the nippers. The branches are 

 broader and thinner, rounded at the angle of the jaw, and terminating in two 

 processes. One, the coracoid, from its sharpness or supposed resemblance to a 

 beak, passes under the zygomatic arch (see p. 108) ; and the temporal muscle, 

 arising from the whole surface of the parietal bone (see p. 114), is inserted into 

 it, and wrapped round it ; and by its action, principally, the jaw is moved, and 

 the food is ground. The other, the condyloid, or rounded process, is received into 

 the glenoid (shallow) cavity of the temporal bone, at the base of the zygomatic 

 arch, and forms the joint on which the lower jaw moves. This joint is easily- 

 seen in the cut at p. 108; and being placed so near to the insertion of the muscle, 



