88 THE DOCTRINE OF DESCENT. 



These phrases are interchangeable, but, like all dogma- 

 tism, they make a great impression on those who from 

 ignorance of the facts are incapable of criticising for 

 themselves, and they are readily quoted to confute an 

 unbelieving investigation of nature by one made in 

 faith. 



It might be thought that if the affair were so simple, 

 and systematic ideas so firmly fixed, nothing would be 

 easier than to establish the system. And so Agassiz 

 maintains. He says that if a single species of any of 

 the great animal groups were present, and admitted of 

 investigation, the character of the type, class, family, 

 genus, and species, might be determined. The weak- 

 ness of this and similar statements may best be demon- 

 strated by examining the basis of all dogmatic system, 

 — the " species." If this idea be mutable, if the species 

 be not given once for all, but variable, according to time 

 and circumstances, the implications of the higher and 

 more general ideas of genus, family, &c., must neces- 

 sarily ensue. The keenest and most logical criticism on 

 the deeply-rooted scholastic idea of " species " was made 

 by Haeckel,-° after Darwin, in his classical work on the 

 " Origin of Species," had completely exposed the old 

 doctrine and practice of zoology and botany. In what 

 follows we shall adhere to Haeckel. 



We have seen above that Linnaeus accepted the Crea- 

 tion as an irrevocable scriptural doctrine, and it is really 

 absurd that many naturalists who have long abandoned 

 any other dogma, should abide by this one. Therefore 

 as the Bible mentions the creation of species, this legend 

 was made the basis of all science. It is true there are 

 not now many who appeal to scriptural testimony. Those 



