REFERENCES AND QUOTATIONS. 325 



exhibit a sexual generation, mostly in a thallus-like form. (Thallo- 

 gens, Bryophytes, the Thallophytes of the authors, and Charas and 

 Mosses.) 



" II. Plants in which the first generation is transitory, and only 

 the second develops into the vegetative, leaf-forming stem, with- 

 out, however, advancing to the stage of phenogams. (Acrogens 

 Cormophytes, the ferns, &c.) 



"III. Plants in which metamorphosis advances as far as the 

 formation of a blossom, yet without reaching the final formation, 

 that of the formation of the carpel. (Phenogams without real 

 fruit, gymnospermic Anthophytes.) 



" IV. Plants which reach the final and highest conclusion of 

 vegetable development, that of true fructification. (Angiospermic 

 Anthophytes ; Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons as secondary 

 gradations.) 



"' As we have discussed in this chapter individual development 

 with reterence to historical development, we must also notice the 

 strange opposition to the doctrine of descent offered by Kolliker. 

 He has laid down his views in his " Monographic der Penna- 

 tuliden,'' and, in a separate pamphlet, bearing the title of " Mor- 

 phologic und Entwickelungsgeschichte des Pennatulidenstammes, 

 nebst allgemeine Betrachtungen zur Descendenzlehre " (Frank- 

 furt, 1872). Whereas Darwinism derives the continuity and 

 harmony of the organic world from variability, natural selection, 

 heredity, and adaptation — in short, from palpable, visibly efficacious 

 causes — Kolliker is of opinion " that the same general formative 

 laws which govern inorganic nature hold good also in the organic 

 kingdom, and hence a common pedigree and a slow transformation 

 of one form into another are entirely unnecessary for the explana- 

 tion and comprehension of the accordance of the forms and series 

 of forms of the animate world " (p. 3). Except decided dualists, no 

 one disputes the first part of Kolliker's thesis. But the identifica- 

 tion of the development of the organic individual, excluding the 

 law of heredity, with the simple process of crystallization, or any 

 other operation of chemical combination repeating itself under 

 given conditions, scarcely needs a detailed refutation. Kolliker 

 says, and tries to prove, that the so-called monophyletic hypo- 



