VI CONTENTS. 



PAGE 



§ 4. An introduction to the Anatomy of birds 133 



a. Osteology : the osseous system, or skeleton 134 



1. The spinal column 137 



2. The thorax : ribs and sternum 142 



3. The pectoral arch 145 



4. The pelvic arch 147 



5. The skull 149 



b. Neurology : the nervous system ; organs of special senses 174 



c. Myology : the muscular system 192 



d. Angeiology : the vascular or circulatory systems 195 



e. Pneumatology : the respiratory system 199 



/. Splanchnology ; the digestive system 209 



ff. Oology : the urogenital system 215 



§ 5. Directions for using the artificial keys 227 



AKTiriciAL Key to the Oeders and Suboedeks 230 



Aktipioiae Key to the Pamilies 231 



Tabtjlah View of the Geoups highes than Gbneba 234 



PART III. 



SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



Order PASSERES : Insessores, or Perchers Proper 238 



1. Suborder PASSERES ACROMYODI, or OSCINES : Singing Birds .... 240 



1. Family Tubdid^ : Thrushes, etc. . 240 



1. Subfamily Turdma : Typical Thrushes 243 



2. Subfamily Mimlnce : Mocking Thrushes 248 



3. Subfamily Cinclime ; Dippers 254 



4- Subfamily Saxicoliiue : Stone-chats aud Blue-birds 256 



5. Suhhwilj Seffulin/^: Kinglets and Wood-wrens 259 



6. Subfamily Po/«o/)ft7w« .• Gnat-catchers 260 



S. Family CHAM^iDiB : Wren-tits 262 



3. Family Pakid^ : Titmice, or Chickadees 263 



7. Subfamily P«r««<E ; True Titmice 263 



4. Family SittiDjB ; Nuthatches 269 



5. Family CERTHiiDa: : Creepers ■ . . 272 



8. Subfamily CertMinee : Typical Creepers 272 



6. Family Tuoglodytid^ : Wrens 273 



9. SnMamily Campt/lor/iync/dn^ : Fan-tailed Wrens 274 



10. Subfamily Troglodijtina : True Wrens 277 



7. Family Alatjdid^ : Larks 280 



11. Subfamily GalandritirKe : Shore Larks 281 



12. Subfamily AlaudiruB : Sky Larks 382 



S. Family Motacillidje : Wagtails and Pipits 283 



13. Subfamily MofacilUtue: Wagtails 284 



14. Subfamily Anthitue : Pipits, or Titlarks 285 



