HISTORICAL PREFACE. xiii 



ively wrought are the marks of progress. It is consequently possible, and it will be found 

 convenient, to subdivide the epochs named (excepting the first) into lesser natural inter- 

 vals of time, which may be called " periods," to each of which may attach the name of 

 the architect whose design is expressed most clearly. I recognize fifteen such periods, of 

 very unequal duration, to which specific dates may attach. Seven of these fall in the 

 last century ; eight in the three-quarters of the present century. We may pass them iu 

 brief review. 



The Archaic Epoch : to 1700. 

 Mere mention or fragmentary notice of North American birds may be traced back 

 to the middle of the sixteenth century ; but, up to the eighteenth, no book entirely and 

 exclusively devoted to the subject had appeared. The Turkey and the Humming-bird 

 were among the earliest to appear in print ; the latter forms the subject of the earliest 

 paper I have found, exclusively and formally treating of any North American bird as 

 such, and this was not until 1G93, when Hamersly described the " American Toniineius," 

 as it was called. One of the largest, as well as the smallest of our birds, — the turkey, 

 early came in for a share of attention. The germs of the modern " faunal list," — that is 

 to say, notes upon the birds of some particular region or locality, — appeared early in the 

 seventeenth century, and continued throughout ; but only as incidental and very slight 

 features of books published by colonists, adventurers, and missionaries, in their several 

 interests, — unless Hernandez's famous "Thesaurus" be brought into the present connec- 

 tion. Among such books containing bird-matter may be noted Smith's " Virginia," 1G12; 

 Hamor's "Virginia," 1615; Whitbourne's "Newfoundland," 1620; Higginson's "New 

 England," 1630; Morton's "New Eughsh Canaan," 1632; Wood's "New England's 

 Prospect," 1634; Sagard Theodat's "Voyage," 1632; Josselyn's "New England's 

 Rarities," 1672 ; — and so on, with a few more, — sometimes mere paragraphs, some- 

 times a page or a formal chapter, — but scarcely anything to be now considered except in 

 a spirit of curiosity. 



The PRE-LiNNiEAN Epoch : 1700-1758. 

 (1700-1730.) 



The Lawsonian Period. — It may lie a lucus a non to call this the " Lawsonian " 

 period ; but a name is needed for the portion of this epoch prior to Catesby, during which 

 no other name is so prominent as that of Jolm Lawson, Gentleman, Surveyor-General of 

 North Carolina, whoso " Description and Natural History " of tliat country contains one 

 of the most considerable faunal lists of our birds which appeared before 1730, and went 

 through many editions, — the last of these being published at Raleigh, in 1860. The 

 several early editions devote some fifteen or twenty pages to birds, — an amount aug- 

 mented considerably when Brickell appropriated the work iij 1737. The Baron de la 

 Hontan did similar service to Canadian birds in his " Voyages," 1793 ; but, on the 

 whole, this period is scarcely more than archaic. 



(1730-1748.) 

 The Catesbian Period. — Tliis comprises the time when Mark Catesby's great work 

 was appearing by instalments. "The Natural History of Carolina, Elorida," etc, is the 



