lis 



<;i:m-:kai. iUxXi ruiii.DdY. 



\ho iliiublo-forUoil, ii common slyli' aiiioii';- s:iiiil|Miioi-s, as if I'aoli liiiH' of iho lail w ovo lorki-il. 

 liiit in snrli I'aso. tin- forkini;- is ,-lit;liI. morrly I'mai'cinal ion. boint; lilllo nioro llian i>roli-nsioii 

 of the mi.lillo pair of foalhors in an othorwiso lij;luly foil>oil lail: ami in llu' ilonblo r.Mimli'il 

 form tin* ^;"railation is soldoni it o\iM' i;"roaI. 



1 shonKl also alln.lo lo shapes of l;iil Vosiiltin;;- from llio ri'lativo posilions of llio foatln'fs. 

 rroniiuout anuuii;- llu-sc is ll\o Ci»>il>licatr ov I'oldrd lail ol' l!io hain yai.l fowl, ami oili.as of llic 

 l''liafiiniii!ii\ — a vovy familiar bnl not .•ommon fa-m. ll is only rolainoil ulnlo llio lail is 

 closed anil cocked nn. - I'or when il is lowei'ed and spread in lli^;lil il llallens onl. Tlu' oppo- 

 site disposili.Hi of llie feallu'rs is secai lo some cMiail in our crow lilacklmds (\>iiis,;ilii-^). 



wliere ihe lal.aal feallieis 

 slaiil \i)n\ard from ihe lower 

 "- most ceiilial pair, like ilic 

 sides of a lioal from ils keel; 

 Ihi.s is llie Siii/ihulil ,(;r. 

 <rKiii/ii;. a lioaM or iiiriihili- 

 (l.al. ,,11-iiui. a keel) lail. 

 ()iir ■• ho,al - lailed " crackle 

 lias been so named on lliis 

 aceoniil. One of llie mosi 

 '■ beanlifiil and wonderful of 



Tio. .Tt. — nlil^rimi of .''luipos of tnll. (Ti/c. rimmioil : f/rc. fjvtxiltlto: ii'h\ ,.|[ ||j,, ^||;ii„'s i)\' llio lail is 

 iMmoalc-,i;r;iilatc; (//(•. ciincalc; itlii\ iloiiMc-reiiiuli'ii ; ,/i;/. siiiiar(>; ,f'fi;i, i ■ i 



ciiKUfrinntci/H,,!;;, iloiiWc-ciicirijiiialc ; /.ini. ImUnl; l:,ni.' ,Uv\<\\ fcrkcil; illllslraled by lllc male ol llie 

 '■'""■ ''"riiciiic. lyre bird (Mi'iiiif,! .vii/ier/ni. 



li^. ib-M, in wliicli the fealliers are .anomalous belli in sli.ape and in lexliire. and ihe resnlliiit;- 

 form ol' the whole is iinii|iie. \'arioiis shapes, which Iheslndciil will readily name from llie 

 forei;oiiii;' paragraphs, are illiistraled in many oilier lii^iires of this work. Il should he naneni 

 bereii that, to detennine tln> shape, ihe lail should be iii-arhi dosed; for spreading will ob 

 viously make ;i sipiare lail round, an iaiiar;;iiiale one sipiare, I'Ic. I appcaid a dia^r.im ol llie 

 principal I'oniis (lii;-. XX). 



i\, nil-, lanrr. 



The Hind Lhiilts, in all birds, ,are orgaiii/.ed for proiiression all can walk, run, or hop 

 on land, thoiti;li Ihe pm\-er lo do so is \crv slij^hl in some of ihe lo\\'er swinimiiii; birds. ,as 

 loons and orrbrs, and eerlaiii ofllie lo\^er perehiiii; birds, .as liiimmers. swills, i^oalsnckers, and 

 kiin;tishers. '^he^■ .are speei.all\' lilled {oy perch in*;- on I rees, bushes, and oilier supports rcipiirino- 

 lo be i^'rasped, in lliei^rcat majorilv of birds, ,as throiii;lionl Ihe / 'o.s'.st/'cn, ririrria', divZ/w/rcs', 

 (\ihiiith,(\ and. in liicl. m;iii\' waler-birds ; lliere beiiii^ fe\^■ forms, iii;iinl\' found amoiio' llirce- 

 toed birds, or those in which llie hind loe is short, weak, ;ind eh'\;iled, in which ihe exiremilv 

 ol the limb lias nol decided i;r,aspiin;- powaa'. Thi' limb becomes a paddle I'or sw imniiiii;- eillna- 

 oil or in the waba' in many cases. In nol a U'w , as parrots ;ind liirils of prey, Ihe fool is 

 servi(a';ible ;is .a hand. Those kinds ol' birds which live in Irees and bushes habilnallv 

 |irot;ress, eviai wlicai on k'vel ground, in a sia-ies of hops, or ralher leaps, bolli leet lieini; 

 moved l(ii;i'llier : in ,all llie low la- birds, howe\er, Ihe feel move one ,al'l(a' the oilier, as in ordi- 

 nary w-alkiiiij; or rnimini;'. 'The modilicalions ol Ihe hind limb are more niiiina'ons. more 

 diverse, and more iniporlani in lliiar beariiii; on classilicalioii lliaii those of either bill, wing, 

 or lail ; their sliidy is i seipienlly a ma I lea- of special iiileresl. 



Tlidii- Koiiy ||'rIlJlll>^vol'k (lit,'. :M ). — Ueninniii!; .at llie hip joint, ,aiid (aidiiii; al lli(> 

 extremilies of the sevia'al Iocs, Ihi' skeleloii nf the hind limb coiisisls in Ihe vast in,ajorily of 

 adult, birds of liiriili/ bones. 'I'liis is the typical and nearly llie averai;e number; birds 



