EXTEBXAL PAETS OF BIEDS.— THE FEET. 



119 



#o;iroely over hare uioro. aud tlie priuoipal lesseuiugs of tlio miraber result from ih<> abseuce 

 .'f one or two toes, vt a slight veduetiou iu the uuniber vi the joint? of S'M'.u- toes, or absence .'f 

 tiie kuee-eap. Of the normal twenty, fonrieeu are bones of the toes: one is an incomplete 

 bone couutvtiug the hind toe with the foot : one is the knee-cap. and four are the principal 

 K^ues of the thigh (^1 . leg (i). and foot {l^. The tirst or uppermost is the thish-beme or 

 /(iiiiir (Lat. fiiiiKr : adjective, fcmorar). fm. from hip to knee. -1 I" B in the ti>rnre. It is 

 a rather short, ipiite stout, cylindrical bone, eularsing above and below. Above it has a 

 irlobular head. n. staudiui; off obliquely from the shaft, received in the occtahuhim (_Lat. iictta- 

 I'uhiiii. a kind of recejnacle) or socket ot' the hip. and a prominent shoulder or trixliaidef. 

 which abuts against the 

 bri'.n of the acetabulum. 

 Below, it expands into 

 two cv!it!i/J':< (Gr. Kuitii- 

 \os-. a kiud^l. for ariicu- 

 hitiou "with both the 

 Kiues it meets at the 

 knee. It is the same 

 bone a* the femur of a 

 viuadrujjed cir of man. 

 and eon-esponds to the 

 h'.im<:ru< of the wing, 

 lu the knee-joint, many 

 i>r most bu'ds have a 

 sm;\ll ossicle, and a few 

 liave two such bony n^xl- 

 ules. not shk'wu in the 

 tid-UTe. but nearly in the 

 position of the letter B : 

 the knee-p;m or knee- 

 cap. paUlla (Lat. piiUl- 

 /<i)- The thiirh is the 

 first .ftamoit oi the limb : 

 the next segment is the 

 leg proper, or cni< (Lat. 



crini. the shin : adjective. jvj^, -y _ Bones of a bird's hind limb: from ,-» duck, CUmpulo i,<.'a>i<fioi7. J u.it. 



criiraT:. B to C in the *i^'? ■ it. E, ■«". Jliufeldt. U.S.A. a. bip: £. knee; C. heel or ankle-joint: D. 



^ . , bases of roes. A to -f^. thijh or '• second joint " : S to C crus. leg: proj^r, •• drnm- 



tlgure, cir trom knee to jriok," often wrongly oal'.e,! ■ thigh " : c" to A metatarsus, fo^n projier, oorresiv>nd- 



heel. This seirment is iD» to our instep, or foot from ,inkle to bases of ti^es : iu deseriptiTe ornithology 



. , , ^ , t-h^ tarsus: often called " sh:ink." From D ounvard axe the toes or digits. />». 



occupied liy two LH'UeS. f^muj,. ,f,_ ^^^^^ principal amien bone of leg: .n, llbuhi, lesser (onterl Iwne of 



the tihio (Lat. tlhui. a leg: »''. princip:il metatarsal Ivne. oonsistlni: chiedy of three fused metat;\rsal 



-I jt 1 bones: a:;i. aocestf^ory metaiArs;\l, 1-^aring 1*. nrst or hind t,>e. with two joints : -t. 



TUDe, trimipet . re, and j^,^,^^ j^,^ .^jj^ ^^^^ joints; :a. third toe, with four joints: ir, fourih t«. with 



lihuhi (Lat. W?'((/i(. a five joints. At T there are in the tmbryo s^ime sm;dl t^irsiil bones, uot shown in 



.-. .- the figure, uniting iu ivirr with the tibia, which is therefore a ti?'h>-'(i7-,^?i,,-, in part 

 with the metatarsus, which is therefore a tar.^i>~iii<ta}'irsu.^ : the ankle-joint being 



the therefore between two rows of tarsal bones, not, as it appears to be, directly be- 

 tween tibia ;tnd metatarsus. 



sphnt , clasp) , ,Ti , 

 these the tibia is 

 prineip;il, l;\rger, inner 

 Ivne, running quite to the heel : the tibuLt is sm;iller, and (,with rare exceptions, as in some of 

 the penguins") only nms p:irt way down the outside of the tibia :is a slender piduted spike, close 

 pressed agiiiust or even panly fused with the shaft of the tibia. Above, at the knee, both 

 btmes artievilate with the femur : the tibia with both the femoral condyles, the tihula only with 

 the outer condyle. Above, the tibia has an irreiitilarly exjianded head or c>it:ii>iiil i>r. 'oess (Gr, 



