THE ANATOMY OF BIRDS. — OOLOGY. 219 



will bo seen that they have a long journey to accomplish; fur, liljerated in the cloaca of tiie 

 female, they have tu swim through the whole leugtli of tlie oviduct to the ovary. Besides 

 such physical diii'erence between the male and female Dijnamamceba: as I have indicated, they 

 difler in their place and mode of birth ; and in tliis ditference lies the very gist of sex. The 

 original indifferent genital gland above described, aixested, as said, at a certain stage of de- 

 velopment and therefore female — the ovary — produces its eggs from its smiace-cells, wliich 

 subside into the ovarian tissue, and are quietly packed away there as ovarian ova, read}- tcj 

 ripen and awaken to impregnation in due course. Tlie same gland, further developed into a 

 testis, gives active birth to the spermatozoa in the tubules of its ctimj^hcated interior tissue, lu 

 the former case, the superficial cells slowly ovulate ; in the latter, the cells lining the interioi' 

 speedily spermate ; in a word, the testis is as hterally viciparons as is the ovary ijviparou.'i, — 

 and these conditions are certainly no iusiguiticant indices of relative development in the scale id' 

 lieiug. The spermatozoa appear in scjuie animals to be set free in myriads fi'cjm the walls of tlir 

 semhial tubules whence they directly issue; in Idrds, they are described as appearing coiled in- 

 otherwise packed in delicate sperm-cells, which speedily rupture and discharge the creatures in 

 the current of the seminal fluid, where they take up the course and display the energetic actions 

 above noted. Either case has its parallel among ordinary Protozoans; the former correspond- 

 ing to the process of budding or gemmation, the latter to that of interior fission and discliarge 

 of numerous progeny by rupture of the envelope. The final conjugation of spermatic filaments 

 \vith ovarian ova is simple fushjn, such as any ordinary sexless amoeboid animal may practise to 

 blend its protoplasmic sub.stance with that of another. But there is this difference, that in tlie 

 case of Di/nainamwha it is a true sexual congress, usumlly 2}oli/androii,s, and still more of a 

 one-sided affair in that the feUiale Dynamamosha is at the time in a more or less quiescent, 

 encysted state. 



Female Organs of Generation. — The connection between the male and female (jrgans 

 of generation is naturally so close that in what has preceded it has been scarcely possible to 

 speak of the former without reference to the female counterparts. I have thus far endeavored 

 to state clearly the nature of the originally sexless genital gland ; the difference in the same 

 gland when afterward sexed male or female; and the character of the sperujatic offsprino- of 

 the male gland. In reading tliat lesson the novitiate in such Eleusinian mysteries must not 

 ndstake the language I have used to describe the male Dijnamamceba, or "spermatozoon, as 

 applicable to anything in the development tjf the female Dynamamaha. or ovum, into the 

 chick; for all said thus far only relates to the bringing of the spermatozoon into contact with 

 the ovum, preUmiuary to the initial step of the ovum in its course of <le\-el<.]un(mt. It is this 

 female Di/namamoeha ~ this primitive ovarian ovum, the germ of the chick, which corresp<mds 

 to and is the counterpart of the male Bijnamamceba, on meeting ami mingling with which 

 fecundation is accomplished; the impregnated ovum being then'' empowered to take up its 

 marveUous march. Conjugation of the opposite Dynamamcebre occurs either in the ovary or 

 upper part of the oviduct, — most probably the former. One or several spernuitozoa — usually 

 more than one — accomplishing their journey up the ,.viduet, and fiudin- their affinity, 

 m.smuate themselves into the substance (.f the ovum, and die tliere, .lissolved in amorous pain; 

 that is to say, they melt into the substance of the ovum. The now fertile result, consisting of 

 the mingled protoplasm of the opposite amcehas, is to all ar)pearance precisely the same as'the 

 ongmal infecund ovum — yet there is all the difference hi the world, as the result shows. 



The general character of the ovary of a bird lias been already indicated fp. 4(1). The 

 principal superficial difference in appearance when the ovary is in functional activity, from the 

 corresponding organ of a mammal, is that the ova develoi> to such a size, in ripening in the 

 ovary before leaving it for the oviduct, that the organ looks like a bunch of grapes, — very 

 large and conspicuous. The oviduct is the musculo-membranous tube (modified mullerian 



