230 GENERAL ORNITHOLOGY. 



ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND SUBORDERS. 



Page 



I. TOEfl 3; 2 in front, 1 behind Piciformes of Picari^. 444 



II. Toes 3; 3 in front. Toee — cleft or semipalmate Limicol.^e 5% 



— palmate. Nostrils — tubular Lokgipennes 732 



— not tubular Pygopodes 787 



III. T0E8 4; 2 in front, 2 behind. Bill — cered and hooked Psittaci 494 



— neither cered nor hooked. Tail feathers — 8 or 10 



CucuriformesofVicAiiijE. 444 

 — 12 Pkiformes o/PiCAliriE 444 



IV. ToKs 4; 3 in front, 1 behind. 



Toes — syndactyle ( 'n<nli formes of 'PiCA.niM A4A 



— totipalmate {all four fulI-wcbbed) SxEGANoroDEs 718 



— palmate. Bill — curved up Limicol^ 596 



— not curved up — lamellate Lamell-irostues 677 



— not himellate. Hallux — lobate .... Pvotn-ODEs 787 

 — not lobate . . Long ipennes 732 



— lobate. Tail — ru<Umentary Pyuopodes 787 



— perfect. — A horny frontal shield Alectorides G65 



— No frontal shield LiMicOL^ 596 



— semipalmate; joined by evident movable basal web (go to A). 



— cleft to the base or there immovably coherent (go to B). 



A. Hind toe — elevated. Tibia) — feathered below. Nostrils — perforate . . . Ca^/mrf'if/es o/ Raftores 496 



— imjierforate. Gape — reaching below eye 



Cypseliformes ofPiQAUiJE. 444 

 — not reaching below eye 



GALLlNilC 571 



— naked below. Nostrils — perforate Alectorides CG5 



— imperforate. Tarsi — sculellate in front 



LiMicOLJi 596 



— reticulate. Head — bald 



Herodiokes 647 

 — feathered 



LiMICOLAC 596 



— not elevated. Tibire — naked below Herodione.s 647 



— feathered below. Bill — cered and hooked Haptores 496 



— not cered. Nasal —membrane soft Columbje 561 



— scale hard (.i.VLLix.i': 571 



B. Plind toe — elevated. Gape— n-jirhlng below eye CypseDformes of Yicaium A^ 



— not below eye. Ist primary — emarginate or about = 2d . . Limicol^e 596 



— not emarginate and shorter than 2d 



Alectorides 665 



— not elevated. Nostrils — opening beneath soft swollen membrane CoLUMBiic 561 



— otherwise. Bill — cered and hooked Raptores 496 



— otherwise. Secondaries — only six 



Ci/pscfiformcs of Ficar^je -141 

 — more than six (go to a). 

 a. Primaries — 10; Ist more than 3 as long as the longest Cfmnatorcsof) 



— 10; 1st not 3 as long as the longest i ,. . ,.! Passeres 238 



_, I'. •■••.*••... yJSClllCS Of I 



— 9 "Illy I ' 



