TUBDIB^— TUBBING: THRUSHES. 247 



referable to T. fiiscescens; but it bears an extraordinary resemblance to T. iistulatus, iu the 

 russet-olive color of the upper parts, and only slightly bull' tinge of the jugulum. It is dis- 

 tinguished from ustulatus by lack of the buff orlatal ring so characteristic of ttstuhdtis and 

 sn'ainsoni, and other characters by which fiiscescens differs, notably the few if any spiits in the 

 wliite breast back of the buff area, and pale hoary gray instead of sordid olive-gray shading of 

 the sides. The nest and eggs are presumably like those of fiiscescens, not like those of ustu- 

 Iiifits or swainsoni. (N<it in Check List, 1S82.) 



8. T. unalas'cse. (Named from the island of Unalaska.) Western Hermit Thrush. In 

 color absolutely like No. 10 ; in size slightly less on an average; length scarcely 7.00 ; wing 

 3.30: tail 3.. 50 ; tarsus 1.15. Pacific coast region of N. A. 



9. T. u. au'duboni. (To J. J. Audubon.) Audubon's Hermit Thrush. In color absolutely 

 like No. 10; in size larger on an average ; length about 7.75; wing 4.20 ; tail 8.30; tarsus 

 1.30. Southeni Rocky Mt. region. A better marked variety than the last. 



10. T. u. na'nus. (Gr. vdms, Lat. nanus, a dwarf.) Eastern Hermit Thrush. ^ ? , in 

 summer : Upper parts olivaceous, with a brownish cast, and therefore not so pure as in 

 swainsoni; this color changing on the rnmp and upper tail-co\'erts into the rufous of the tail, 

 in decided contrast with the back. Under parts white, shaded with grayish-olive on the sides ; 

 tlie breast, jugulum, and sides of the neck more or less strongly tinged with yellowish, and 

 marked with numerous large, angular, dusky spots, which extend back of the yellowish-tinted 

 parts. Throat immaculate. A yellowish orbital ring. BiU brownish-black, most of the und(_'r 

 mandible livid whitish; mouth yellow, eyes brown; legs pale brownish. (J, length 7.00- 

 7.25; extent 11.00-12.00; wing 3.50-3.75; tail 2.75-3.00. 9, smaUer ; length 6.75-7.00; 

 extent 10.75-11.25 ; wing 3.25-3.50. Averages of both sexes are : length 7.00; extent 11.25 ; 

 wing 3.50; tail 2.75; tarsus 1.15. The dimensions thus overlap those of both wMa7«sc« an-l 

 aiiduhoni, and no positive discrimination is possible; the differences, when any, being u 

 averages, ncrt of extremes either way. <? 9 , iu winter : The olivaceous of the upper parts 

 assumes a more rufous cast, much like that of ustulatus, and the yellowish wash of the under 

 parts and sides of the head and neck is more strongly pronounced. But the most rufous speci- 

 mens are readily distinguished from fiiscescens by the strong contrast between the color of the 

 tail and other upper parts. Very young : Most of the upper parts miyked with pale yellowish 

 longitudinal streaks, with clubbed extremities, and dusky specks at the end ; while the feathers 

 of the belly and flanks are often skirted with dusky in addition to the numerous blackish spots 

 of the rest of the under parts. N. Am. at large, but chiefly the Eastern Province ; abundant; 

 migratory, and found in aU woodland, but breeds only northerly, from Massachusetts and cor- 

 responding latitudes to the Arctic regions ; winters in the Southern States. Nest and eggs not 

 distinguishable from those of the Veery (No. 7). 



11. T. ustula'tus. (Lat. ustulatus, scorched, singed; referring to the warm russet coloration.) 

 Oreg.jn Olive-backed Thrush. Russet-backed Thrush. Quite like T. swainsoni 

 proper. No. 13, in unifomrity of the color of the whole upper parts, presence of a buff orbital 

 ring, and general character of the shading and spotting of the under parts; but olive of the 

 upper parts not pure, having a decided rufous tinge, resulting in a russet-olive of exactly the 

 shade of that of the upper parts of the Western variety of fiiscescens (salicicola) ; from which 

 it is distinguished by the buff orbital ring, and very different shading and marking of the 

 under parts (compare No. 7 a) ; there being, as in swainsoni proper, much olive-gray spotting 

 of the white breast back of the buff area, and much shading of the same olive-gray on the sides. 

 Size of swainsoni. Nest in bushes, and eggs spotted, as in the latter. Pacific coast region 

 of the U. S., abundant. 



12. T. u. aU'cia;. (To Miss Alice Kennicott, sister of Robert Kennicott.) Gray-cheeked 

 Thrush. Similar to swainsoni in uniformity and purity of the olive of the upper parts, which 

 is as dark and pure (no tendency to the rufous of ustulatus) ; but the sides of the head lack- 



