TUEBID2E — SAXICOLINJE : BLUE-BIBDS. 257 



olive-brown, superciliary line, edges of wings and tail, and all under parts, cinnamon-brown ; 

 tail black and white as iu the adult. Length of <J 6.75 ; extent 12.50; wing 3.7.5 ; tail 2.50 ; 

 tarsus 1.00; middle toe and claw 0.75. ? smaller: length G.50; extent 11.50, etc. Atlantic 

 coast, from Europe via Greenland ; also North Pacific and Arctic coast, frcjm Asia. Common 

 in Greenland, and probably also breeds in Labrador. Nest in holes in the ground or rocks, 

 crevices of stone walls, etc. ; eggs 4-7, 0.87-0.60, greenish-blue, without spots. 

 7. SIA'LIA. (Gr. o-iuXi's', .siaKs, a kind of bird.) Blue-bikds. Primaries 10, the 1st spurious 

 and very short. Wings pointed, the tip formed by the 2d, 3d, and 4th quills. Tail much 

 shorter than wings, emarginate. BiU about half as long as head or less, straigbt, stout, wider 

 than deep at base, compressed beyond nostrils, notched near tip, the culmen at first straight, 

 then gently convex to the end, gonys slightly convex and ascending, commissure slightly 

 curved throughout. Nostrils overhung and nearly concealed by projecting bristly feathers; 

 lores and cliiu likewise bristly. Gape ample, the rictus cleft to below the eyes, furnished 

 with a moderately developed set of bristles reaching about opposite the nostrils. Feet short, 

 though rather stout, adapted exclusively for perching (in Saxicola the structure of the feet 

 indicates terrestrial habits) . Tarsus not longer than the middle toe ; lateral toes of unequal 

 lengths ; claws all strongly curved. Blue is the principal color of this beautiful genus, which 

 contains three species. They are strictly arboricole ; frequent the skirts of woods, coppices, 

 waysides, and weedy fields ; nest in holes, and lay whole-colored eggs ; readQy become semi- 

 domesticated, like the swallow, house wren, and house sparrow; feed upon insects and berries; 

 and have a melodious warbling song. Polygamy is sometimes practised by them, contrary to 

 the rule among Oscines. Blue-birds are peculiar to America, and appear to have no exact 

 representatives in the other hemisphere. 



Analysis of Species. 



3 Rich sky-blue, uniform on back ; throat and breast chestnut, belly white sialis 27 



6 Rich sky-blue, including throat : middle of back and breast chestnut, belly whitish . . . . mexicana 28 



3 Light blue, paler below, fading to white on belly ; no chestnut arciica 29 



37. S. si'alis. (Gr. o-iaXir, siaKs, a kind of bird. Fig. 131.) Eastern Blue-bird. Wilson's 

 Blue-biru. (J, in full plumage: Rich azure-blue, the ends of the wing-quills blackish; 

 throat, breast, and sides of the body chestnut; belly and 

 crissum white or bluish-white. The blue sometimes ex- .^ 

 tends around the head on the sides and often fore part of 

 the chin, so that the chestnut is cut ofi^ from the bill. 

 Length 6.50-7.00; e.xtent 12.00-13.00; wing 3.75-4,00; 

 tail 2.75-3.00; bill 0.45; tarsus 0.70. ^, in winter, or j-\' 



when not fuU-plumaged : Blue of the upper parts inter- ' ^^ / 



rupted by reddish-brown edging of the feathers, or obscured 

 by a general brownish wash. White of belly more ex- , '^y 



tended; tone of the other under parts paler. In many sjj*'** 



Eastern specimens, the reddish-broM'n skirting of the '' 



feathers blends into a dorsal patch ; when this is accom- 

 panied by more than ordinary extension of blue on the ^.j^ 131. — Blue-bird, nat. size. (Ad 

 throat they closely resemble 8. mexicana. 9 i in Ml "'"'''• '^'''- ^- '^■^ 



plumage : Blue inixed and obscured with dull reddish-brown ; becoming bright and pure on 

 the rump, tail, and wings. Under parts paler and more rusty-brown, with more abdominal 

 white than in the male. Little smaller than ^. Young, newly fledged: Brown, becoming 

 l)lue on the wings and tail, the back sharply marked with shaft-lines of whitish. Nearly 

 aU the under parts closely and uniformly freckled vidth white and brownish. A white ring 

 round the eye ; inner secondaries edged with brown. From this stage, in which the sexes are 

 indistinguishable, to the perfectly adult condition, the bird changes by insensible degrees. 



17 



