PARIDJS — PAIIIN^'E : TITMICE. 267 



belly nearly white, the rest more heavily shaded. Wings and tail with comparatively little 

 whitish edging — the tail at least with no more than that of P. carol inens is. Sides of the 

 head and neck white; top of the head, and the throat, black. A C(jnspicuous white super- 

 ciliary stripe in the black cap, usually meeting its fellow across the forehead. Length about 

 5.00; extent 8.30 ; wing 2.. 50-2. 7.5 ; tail rather less ; 1)1110.38; tarsus 0.6G. U. S., from 

 Eastern foot-bills of the Rocky Mts. to the Pacifir, chiefly in alpine regions. 



50. P. rufes'cens. (Lat. rufescens, rufcjus, reddi.sh.) Ciiestnut-backed Titmouse. Crown 

 and nape dark wood-brown, becoming sooty along the sides, separated from the sooty-black of 

 the throat by a large white area extending back on the sides of the neck. Entire back and 

 sides of body rich dark cli(>stnut, contrasting strongly with the brown of the head. Breast 

 and central line of under parts, with lining of the ^riugs, whitish. Wing- and tail-covei'ts 

 more or less washed with rusty-brown. Quills and tail-feathers scarcely or shghtly edged 

 with whitish. Bill black; feet dark; iris brown. Young with throat brown, like crown, 

 instead of sooty. Length 4.75; extent 7.50; wing 2.30; tail about 3.00. A strongly 

 marked species, with chestnut back and sides contrasting with dark brown cap and sooty throat. 

 Pacific coast region <.>f the U. S., northerly, and corresponding portions of British America. 



51. P, r. neglec'tus? (Lat. neglectus, neglected, i. e., not chosen; nee, not, and lego, I gather, 

 choose.) Quite shuilar: crown, throat, and Tiack the same, but sides not extensively chestnut, 

 being simply washed with rusty-brown. Const region of California. 



49. P. hiidson'icus. (Lat. kudsomcim, of Hudson's Bay ; after Heory Hudson, the navigator.) 

 HuDSONiAN Titmouse. Crown, nape, and upper parts generally clear hair-brown, or ashy- 

 ■brown with a slight olive shade, the ccdoratiou quite the same on back and crown, and contin- 

 uous, being not separated by any whitish nuchal interval. Throat quite black, in restricted 

 area, not extending backward on sides of neck ; separated from the brown crown by silky 

 white on the side of the head, this white not reaching back of the auriculars to the sides of the 

 nape. Sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts washed with dull chestnut or rusty-brown ; other 

 uniler parts whitish. Quills and tail-feathers lead-color, as in other titmice, scarcely or slightly 

 edged with whitish. Little en' no concealed white on rump. Bill black; feet dark. Size of 

 P. atricapillus, or rather less. Wing 2.50 ; tail rather less. New England and British America 

 generally ; Nevada to Alaska. Commt)n in coniferous woods. 

 49a. P. h. evu'ra, nohis. Alaskan specimens are larger, the tail nearly 3.00 ; thus corresponding 

 witli P. utricapillus septentrionaJis, and being quite the size of P. cinctus, from which dis- 

 tinguished by retaining precisely the coloration of P. hudsoniciix. Alaska. 



52. P. clnc'tus. (Lat. cinctus, givdled; c/5!^o, I bind about.) Siberian Titmouse. In general, 

 similar to P. hudsoiiiciis, but quite distinct. Throat sooty-blackish ; crown and nape dark 

 hair-brown, bordered laterally with dusky, quite appreciably diflerent in tone fi'om the brighter 

 brownish of the back, from which also separated to some extent by whitish of the cervix. 

 Sides of head and neck pure white, in a large area widening behind, this white of opposite 

 sides nearly meeting across the cervix. Back ashy overlaid with flaxen-brown, the rump light 

 broM'n with much concealed white. Under parts whitish centrally from the black throat, but 

 heavily washed on the sides, flanks, and crissum, sometimes quite across the belly, with light 

 brownish. Wings and tail slate-color, as usual in the genus, with much whitish edging, 

 especially on the secondaries. Bill plumbeous-blackish ; feet plumbeous. AVing 2.60 ; tail 

 rather more. A large stylish chickadee, lately ascei'tained to inhabit Arctic America, especially 

 Alaska, as well as boreal regions of Asia and Europe. 



15. PSALTRI'PARUS. (Gr. \j/d\Tpi.a, Lat. psaltria, a lutist ; and partis, a tit.) Busil-TITS. 

 Dwarfs among pygmies! 3.75-4.25 long; wing 2.00 or less, tail 2.00 or more. Ashy or 

 olive-gray, paler or whitish below ; neither crown nor throat black; no bright colors. Head 

 not crested; wings rounded, shorter than the long narrow graduated tail, which exceeds the 

 length of the body. Nest large, woven, pensile, with lateral entrance (fig. 140). Eggs 6-9, 



