318 SYSTEM A TIG SYNOPSIS. — PA SSEBES — OSCINES. 



suljcqual and loBgest. Tail iTH)derate in length, shorter than wings, emarginate. Tarsus not 

 longer tlian middle toe ; lateral toes about e(iual, outer coherent with mid<lle by nearly all of 

 the length of its basal joint. Sexes more or less unlike in color ; red usually prevailing in the 

 male sex. Habits migrattiry, insectivorous, arboreal ; voice not musical. Eggs spotted. 

 Four species of this beautiful genus inhabit the U. S., three of them representing as many of 

 the .sections into wliich it is divisible according to pattern of coloration. Xuriicnius others are 

 found in the warmer parts of America. 



Anahj&ifi of Species. 

 (^ Crimson or scarlet, with black wings aud tail : $ clear olive and yellow. No wing-bars . . . rubni, 154 

 (f Vermilion or rose-red, including wings and tail; $ brownish-olive and buflfy-yellow. Bill light. 



Smaller: length about 7.50; wing 3.75 mstira 15.:i 



Larger; length about 8.00; wing 4.25 cooperl 15G 



tf Dusky-red above, including wings and tail. (^ ashy-olive and yellow. Bill dark hepatlca 157 



cf Yellow, with scarlet head and black back, wings and tail. <^ cdear olive and yellow, with 2 wing-bars 



ludovlciana 158 



154. P. rub'ra. (Lat. rubra, TeA.) ScAKLET Tanager. ^, adult: Crimson or scarlet ; w-ings 

 ^MA I'D C'-'^^'^ *^^^ black; bill and feet dark horn-color. 9, adult: Above, clear olive-green; below, 

 )- (i , -, ' clear greenish-yellovir ; wings and tail dusky, glossed with the color of the back; no wing- 



"^ L^*' bars. $ , young : Like the 9 ; later, when changing, patched with red, green, and black. 



Adult males often show abnormal coloring, the body being yellow, orange, or flame-color; 



I , ; cj f c- or red patches appeaiiUg on the wing ccjverts. $ said to change back to plumage of 9 at 



^. J^ each fall moult (?) Length 6.75-7.00 ; extent 11.00-12.00 ; wing 3.50-3.90 ; tail about 3.00. 



\~ f I Eastern U. S. and adjoining British Provinces, strictly ; W. to Kansas, Indian Ten-itory, and 



yiLv ^ Texas ; not common N. of Massachusetts ; breeds throughout its U. S. range ; winters extra- 



limital. This brilliant creature nests in woods, groves, and orchards, upon the horizontal 



bough of a tree, buUding a rather loose and shallow fabric of twigs, fibres, rootlets, etc. Eggs 



3-5, 0.95 X 0.65, dull greenish-blue, fuUy spotted with brown and lilac. 



155. P. aesti'va. (Lat. /estiva, summery; astas, svimmer.) Rose Tanageb. Sumjier Eed- 

 BIRD. (J , adult : Rich rose-red or vermilion, including wings and tail ; the former dusky on 

 unexposed porti(}ns of the feathers; bill pale; feet darker. 9> adult: Dull brownish-olive 

 above, below dull brownish -yellow; no wing-bars. (J, young: Like the 9- S changing 

 plumage shows red, greenish and yellowish in irregular patches, but no black. The 9 distin- 

 guished from 9 rubra by the dull brownish, ochrey, or buffy shades of the olive and yellowish, 

 the greenish and yellowish of 9 rubriX being much clearer and paler ; also by the paler biU 

 and feet. The tint of mature males varies greatly ; from rosy to brichy red. Size of rubra, 

 or rather larger. Eastern U. S., strictly, and rather southerly; N. rarely to Connecticut, only 

 casually farther ; W. to Kansas, Indian Territory, and Texas. Migratory, abundant; breeds 

 throughout its range ; winters extralimital. Nesting and eggs like those of rubra. 



156. P. a. coo'peri. (To Dr. J. G. Cooper, of Califoruia.) Cooper's Tanagee. Western Sum- 

 mer Red-bird. Characters of mstiva ; back rather darker than head ; larger ; leugth about 

 8.00; extent about 13.00 ; wing 4.25; tail 3.60; bill 0.75 ; tarsus 0.80. Little distinguished. 

 Southern Rocky Mt. region. 



157. P. hepa'tica. (Lat. hej)ar, hepatis, the liver.) Hepatic Tanager. $, adult: Upper 

 parts brownish-ashy, intimately mixed with dull red; top of head, upper tail-coverts, and 

 edgings of wings and tail, brighter brownish-red. Inner webs and ends of wing-quills dusky ; 

 tail-feathers throughout decidedly tinged with red. Sides of the head like the back ; edges of 

 eyelids red. Below, bright red; sides and flanks shaded \\\i\\ the color of the back, many 

 feathers often also with ashy skirting. Bill and feet blackish-plumbeous, the cutting edge of 

 the U])per mandible furnished with a tooth more prominent than in most species (fig. 178). 

 Length about 8.00; wing 4.00; tail 3.33 ; bill 0.66; tarsus 0.80. 9, adult: Bill and feet as 

 in the ^. Upper parts greenish-olive, with an ashy-gray tinge, the crown and rump clearer 



