AUPELIB^ — PTILOGONATINJS: FLY-SNAPPERS. 327 



markings at the ends, and the same is the case with the primary coverts. These wing-mark- 

 ings, with the chestnut crissum, and absence of yellowish on the belly, will always (hstinguish 

 the species from A. cedrorum, independently of its much superior size. Young: There is an 

 early streaked stage of plumage, hke that of A. cedrorum. Northern hemisphere, northerly, 

 wandering south in vast troops at irregular periods. In America, south regularly in winter ti. 

 the northern tier of States ; in the Rocky Mts. much further ; casually to about 35°. Rare on 

 the Pacific coast except in Alaska. Breeds in high latitudes, but down to the U. S. border in 

 tlic Rocky lilts. Nesting substantially the same as that of ^. cedrorum, and eggs only differ- 

 ent in their greater size — about 1.00 x 0.67. 

 107. A. cedro'rum. (Lat. cedrus, gen. pi. cedrorum, the cedar. Fig. 186.) Cedae Waxwing. 

 Carolina Waxwing. Cedar-bird. Chebry-bird. <J 9 , adult : General color shading 

 from clear pure ash on the upper tail-coverts and rump through olivaceous-cinnamon into a 

 richer and somewhat purpUsh-cinnamon on the fore parts 

 and, head. On the under parts, the color shades through 

 yellowish on the belly into white on the under taU-coverts. 

 There is no demarcation of color whatever, and the tints 

 are scarcely susceptible of adequate description. Frontlet, 

 lores, and stripe tlirough the eye, velvety-black ; chin the 

 same, soon shading into the color of the breast. A sharp 

 white line on the side of the under jaw; a narrower one 

 bordering the black frontlet and lores ; lower eyehd white. 

 Qaills of the wings slate-gray, blackening at the ends, 

 paler along the edges of the inner webs ; without white 

 or yellow markings, as a rule ; inner quills tipped with 

 red horny appendages. Tail-featliers like the primaries, 

 but tipped with yellow, and somethnes also showing red 

 horny appendages. Bill plumbeous-black, sometimes paler Yia. 



at base below; feet black. Length 6.50-7.25; extent (Ad nat. del. £. 

 11.50-12.00; wing 3.50-3.75 ; tail 2.25. Young: Brownish-gray, with a slight (dive shade; 

 paler below, whitening or becoming slightly yellowish on the belly ; ever}ivhere streaked with. 

 dingy whitish ; the markings most evident on the breast and sides. Wings and tail as in the 

 adults, hut usually lacking the red appendages. The velvety-black and white on the head 

 imperfectly defined. BUI pale at base below ; feet plumbeous. Specimens apparently mature 

 and full-feathered frequently lack the sealing-wax tips. These are normally confined to the 

 secondaries, but occasionally appear on one or several primaries, and some or all of the rectrices 

 (as iu fig. 185) ; a case is recorded in which an under tail-covert was similarly embellished. Both 

 sexes possess these ornaments, but as a rule they are best developed in the $ . The nonnal 

 period of their appearance is not known — it is probably not constant ; birds in the earliest 

 kno^vn plumage may possess one or more. They are possibly deciduous, independently of 

 moult of the feather. Their use is unknovm. N. Am. at large to lat. 5i° N. at least ; breeds 

 indifferently throughout its N. A. range, and migrates or rather wanders about according 

 to food-supply ; ^vinte^s in most of the U. S. ; goes in flocks nearly the whole year, and is 

 especially fond of resorting to cedar thickets to feed upon the berries ; breeds late (June, July) 

 in orchards and groves ; nest in trees or bushes, in the crotch of a bough or saddled on a hmb ; 

 eggs 3-6, hvid or pale bluish, sharply and usually thickly marked with blackish surface spots 

 and others paler in the shell; narrow and elongate, about 0.82 X 0.60. 



19. Subfamily PTILOCONATIN/E : Fry-snappers. 



BUI much as in the last subfamily, but slenderer for its length ; nasal scale naked ; a few 

 short bristles about base of the bill. Tarsus souteUate anteriorly, and sometimes also on 



