FICIBjE: WOOJbPEGKEBS. 483 



438. P. viUo'sus. (Lat. eiHosMS, hairy, shaggy, villous. Fig. 333.) Hairy Woodpecker. Spotted 

 and Iciigtliwiso streaked, but uot banded. Usually 9-lU loug ; outer tail -feathers wholly white, 

 liack blaek, with a long white stripe down the middle. Quills mid wing -coverts with a pro- 

 fusion of white spots; usually 6-7 jjairs on the priujaries, several <jn all the secondaries, and 

 one or more on each of the coverts. Four middle tail-feathers black ; next pair black and 

 white; ne.xt two pairs white, as stated. Under parts white. Crown and sides of head black, 

 witli a white stripe over and behind the eye; another fnjm tlie nasal feathers running below 

 tlie eye to spread on the side of tlie neck; a scarlet nuchal band in the (J, sometimes broken 

 in two, wanting in the ?. Young with the crown mostly red or bnnizy, or even yellovcish. 

 Eastern N. Am., abundant. Length usually 9.00-10.00 ; extent 15.50-17.30 ; wing 1.50-5.00 ; 

 tail 3.50 ; bill 1.13; whole foot 1.66. Varies greatly in size, mainly according to latitude. In 

 the West, shades directly into P. v. Jiarrisi, by disappearance of the spots from the coverts and 

 inner secondaries; the change occurs on the Eastern slopes of tlie Rocky Mts. One of the 

 eonnnon Eastern U. S. woodpeckers, in British Am. trending westward to the Pacific in 

 Alaska ; but not so often noticed as the little P. puhescens, as it is less familiar, and keeps more 

 in the woods. Resident wherever occurring. Eggs 1-6 or 7, 1.00 X 0.75. 



a. major. Northern: very large and hoary. Length up to 11.00 ; wing over 5.00; taU 

 nearly 1.00 ; whole foot 1.90 ; bill 1.50 ! (P. leucomdas Bodd.) 



6. medius. The ordinary bird, as above. 



c. minor. Southern : very small and dark. Grading down to 8.00, thus within an inch of 

 tlie maximum of P. puhescens. (P. aiiduhoni Sw.) 



439. P. V. liar'risi. (To Edward Harris.) Harris' Woodpecker. Exactly like villosus, except- 

 ing fewer wing-spiots ; generally none on the coverts and inner quills; with specimens enough 

 we can see the spots disappear one by one. Generally while below, but in some regions 

 smoky-gray (a, thing not observed in Eastern birds), such being especially the case on the 

 Pacific slopes, where the smoky-bellied birds also somethnes acquire a few thin black stripes 

 on the sides ; those from the interior being quite purely white bekiw. Size of an average 

 P. rillosiif;. Rocky Mts. to the Pacific, U. S. 



440. P. pubes'ceus. (Lat. ^MfSescsBS, coming to puberty ; i. e. hairy. Fig. 334.) Downy Wood- 

 pecker. Usually 6-7 long ; outer tail-feathers barred vrith black and white. Exactly like 

 P. cillosus, except in these respects. Length 6.00-7.00 ; 

 extent 11.00-12.00; wing 3.50-4.00; tail under 3.00; 

 bill about 0.66 ; whole foot 1.25. Eastern N. Am., 

 abundant in orchards, and all wooded ])laces. Range 

 substantially the same as that of the hairy woodpecker, 

 but in most U. S. localities the more abundant of the 

 two ; on the whole rather more southerly. This is the 

 little spotted bird that bores the apple-trees so persist- 

 ently ; but it does not appear to hurt them. There is 

 no such difference in the character of the plumage as 

 the terms " downy" and " hairy " imply. Eggs about Fig. 334. -Downy Woodpecker, nat. size 

 6, 0.85 X 0.70. 1-A-<1 nat. del. B. C.) 



441. P. p. gaird'neri. (To Dr. Meredith Gairdner, a Scotch naturalist.) Bearing the same relation 

 to P. puhescens that harrisi does to P. villosus ; the wing-spots few or wanting on the inner 

 quills and the coverts, the belly smoky-gray in some localities. Rocky Mts. to the Pacific 

 U. S., but much rarer than P. puhescens is in the East, and almost wanting in much of the 

 Rocky Mt. region, where P. harrisi abounds. 



152. XENOPI'CUS. (Gr. £«Vos-, xenos, rare, foreign,) Masked Woodpeckers. Form as in 

 Picus proper. Body uniformly black. Head white. Tongue said to be but little more 

 extensible than in Sphyropicus (not verified by me). 



