700 SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS.— LAMELLIROSTBES— ANSERES. 



not shorter than head and rising high on forehead ; nail at end distinct, decurved, narrow, 

 less than one-third as wide as end of bill; frontal feathers extending to approximately equal 

 distances on top and sides of upper mandible, with a well-marked reentrance between them 

 reacliing back to about opposite angle of the mouth, those of chin advancing rather farther. 

 Nostrils in basal two-fifths of bill (nearly median in F. valUsneria) . Outline of upper man- 

 dible gently concave to the decurved nail; sides nearly parallel, or widening toward end (whole 

 bill much as in ordinary AnatincE). Tail short, rounded, less than half as long as wing, 

 14^16-feathered. Tarsus less than f (i- 1) as long as middle toe and claw. Head not crested 

 or notably puffy (in our species). Head and neck black, brown or chestnut (not green with 

 great white patches). Sides and back finely waved with black and white. Lining of wings 

 vrhite. Crissum black. Bill blackish, or black and blue. Legs dark. Speculum white or 

 gi'ay. (Comprising several species of "black-head" and "red-head" ducks, including the 

 "canvas-back"; characters drawn up on consideration of these species; requiring modifica- 

 tion, especially as-to color, to include the European F. rufina, by some considered type of 

 the genus. Equivalent to Fulix, Aythya and Aristonetta of Baird, 1858, and apparently sepa- 

 rable into three full genera — one for the crested pochards of Europe ; one for the black-heads 

 and red-heads together; and one for the canvas-back alone. The type of Fuligula is said by 

 Sundevall to be F. cristata ; in which case Calliclien is available for rufina.) 



Analysis of Species. 



Conspicuously crested ; hill aj\d feet red {Fuligula) rufina 886 



Not crested; biU and feet dark. 



Bill not longer than head, with concave line of culmen, not notably high on forehead ; chord of 

 culmen under 2 inches. Nostrils fairly in basal half of bill. {Fulix.) 

 Black-heads : ^ with bead, neck, body anteriorly, lower back, rump, tail and its coverts, black, 

 the head glossy; below, including lining of wings, white, with fine black waving on sides and 

 lower belly ; bill black and blue, or dusky ; feet dark. $ with head and neck brown, with or 

 without white around bill, and other black parts of {f rather brown. (Fulix proper.) 

 No ring around neck. 



cf Speculum white ; back and sides iinely waved in zig-zag with black and whitish ; bill 

 blue, with black nail. $ with the face white. 



Length about 20.00; wing9.00; gloss of head green marila 720 



Length about 16.00 ; wing 8.00; gloss of head purple a^nis 721 



An orange-brown ring round neck of (f. 



Speculum gray; back nearly uniform blackish; bill bla«k, pale at base and near end ; 



9 without collar ; lores and chin whitish, and ring round eye collaris 722 



Red-heads : ^ with head and neck chestnut, in $ plain brown ; body anteriorly, rump, tail, and 

 its coverts, black, in $ brown ; back, scapulars, and sides finely waved with black and white or 

 ashy-white in equal amounts ; speculum gray. Bill blue with black belt at end. Back dis- 

 tinctly vermiculated with black on an ashy-white ground {^thyia) americana 723 



Bill longer than head, with scarcely concave culmen rising high on forehead ; chord of culmen over 2 

 inches. Nostrils reaching middle of bill. 



Canvas-back ■■ (f head dark chestnut-brown, much obscured with dusky on top and about bill. 

 Silvery- whitish of back prevailing over the black waved lines, which are narrow and much 

 broken into chains of dots (Aristonetta) ralli.'intria 724 



Fuligula. 



886. (addenda.) F. rufi'na. (Lat. rufina, reddish.) Eed-cebsted Pochard. Adult ^ : 

 Conspicuously crested. Bill vermilion, white-tipped ; feet orange-red ; eyes brown. Head 

 and upper neck rusty-red, with a rosy tint. Lower- and hind-neck, fore-back, breast, and 

 middle of helly black. Back grayish-brown, with a large white patch on each side, blacken- 

 ing on rump and upper tail-coverts. Tail ashy-gray. Primaries whitish, edged and tipped 

 with dusky-gray ; speculum and sides of belly white. 9 • BiU dusky with pink tip, and feet 

 pinkish, with dusky webs. Upper parts generally rufous-brown, under parts brownish- 

 white, the throat and upper fore-neck whitish ; crown and rump darker than other upper 

 parts, the dorsal feathers with pale edges; quills brown, edged and tipped with darker, the 



