CONTENTS vii 



SKINS AND DOWN OF WILD BIRDS (AvEs) 



Page 



Grebes {Podicipes) and Eider-Ducks (Somateria) 308 



WILD ANIMALS YIELDING LEATHER, HORN, FAT, &c. 



Importance of Leather and Horn 309 



The Walrus {Trichechus rosmarus) 311 



Seals (Phocid^)— Uses of Blubber and Skins. Harp or Greenland Seal {Phoca 

 Graenlandica), Hooded or Bladder-Nosed Seal {Cystophora cristata), Baikal Seal 

 {Phoca Sibiricd), Caspian Seal {P. Caspica) 313 



The Dugong {Halicore ditgong) 313 



Whales, &c. {C-etac^a) — Toothless Whales {Mystacoceti): Greenland or "Right" 

 Whale {Balccna mysticetus), Blubber and Whalebone; Southern "Right" Whale 

 {B. australis). Toothed Whales {Odonioceti): Cachalot or Sperm Whale (Phy- 

 seter macrocephalus). Spermaceti ; White Whale or Beluga {Delphinapieriis 

 leucas). Blubber and "Porpoise Leather" 314 



Reptiles (Reptilia)— Skins of Crocodiles and Lizards 317 



Fishes (Pisces)— Skins of Sharks and Dog-Fishes as "Shagreen", Skins of ordi- 

 nary Bony Fishes {Teleostei) for clarifying Beer and Manufacture of Fish-glue, 

 Oil of the Menhaden or Pogy (C/«_^^a w;^«^rt^if«); Sharks and Dog-Fishes - 317 



Insects (Insecta) — Locust-Oil 318 



MEDICINAL AND MISCELLANEOUS ANIMAL PRODUCTS 



Animals and Animal Products as Medicinal Agents— The practice of 



medicine in ancient times; animal extracts; animal fats used in pharmacy; 



gelatine and isinglass ; experiments on animals- - 318 



Medicinal Value of Fish-Oil— Cod-liver Oil 321 



Medicinal Uses of Insects — Oil-Beetles {Meloidce or Cantharida), Spanish 



Flies {Cantharides), Hungarian species {Lytta vesicatorid) : Cochineal - - 321 

 Medicinal Use of Leeches {Discophora) — Medicinal Leech {Hirudo ?nedi- 



cinalis), Green Leech {H. officinalis) 321 



Miscellaneous Animal Products — Molluscs {Mollusca), Cuttle-Fish {Sepia 

 officinalis), cuttle-bone, "pounce"; Money Cowry {Cyprcea moneta) and other 

 shells used as currency, Indian wampum; other uses of shells - - - 322 



Sponges {Porifera) — Bath Sponge {Euspongia officinalis), Zimocca Sponge 

 {Eitspongia zimocca). Horse Sponge {Hippospongia equina); Sponge Fisheries 324 



WILD ANIMALS BENEFICIAL TO MAN ON ACCOUNT OF 

 THEIR HABITS 



Action of " Beneficials " 325 



Beneficial Mammals (Mammalia) — Foxes, Weasels, Stoats, &c.: Moles, Hedge- 

 hogs, and Shrews : Bats: Scavenging Mammals — Hyaenas, Rats - - - 325 



Beneficial Birds (Aves) — Diurnal Birds of Prey: Owls— Barn Owl {Strix 

 flammea): Cuckoo {Cucidus canorus): Swifts, Swallows, Martins, and Titmice: 

 Secretary Bird {Serpentarius secretarius) : Scavenging Birds — Vultures - - 327 



