CONTENTS xiii 



Page 



Decorative Products of Molluscs (Mollusca) — Shell-ornaments. Sea- 

 Snails [Gastropoda): Shell-cameos (from Cassis, &c.); Pink Pearls of Conch- 

 Shell {Sirombus gigas); Tyrian Purple ixora Purpura and Miirex, dye obtained 

 from a Sea-Slug {Aplysia camelus). Bivalve Molluscs {Lamellibranchia) : The 

 Pearl-Oyster {M argaritifira vulgaris'), Pearl-Fisheries of Ceylon, British Pearls 

 from Freshwater Mussels, Purple Pearls from Ark-Shells (Area) . . - 397 



Decorative Products of Insects (Insecta) — Wing-Covers of Beetles, Orna- 

 mental Butterflies, &c., Cochineal Insect {Coccus cacti). Pups of Scale-Insects 

 (Coca'ife) as "ground pearls" - 399 



ANIMAL .ESTHETICS 



Biological Foundations of Esthetics --.--..-. 400 



The Sense of Sight and its Bearing on Esthetics— The Relation of the 



Animal World to Human Criteria of Beauty - - - - - - - 401 



The Sense of Hearing and its Bearing on Esthetics — The Song of 



Birds, &c. - - . - 402 



The Sense of Smell and its Bearing on ^Esthetics — Perfumes: Civet 

 from Civet-Cats [Viverra), Musk from Musk-Deer {Mosclius moschiferus). 

 Ambergris from Sperm-Whale {Physeter macrocephalus) - - - - 402 



The Sense of Taste and its Bearing on /Esthetics — Tastes and Flavours 403 



The Evolution of Art and Certain Forms of Literature — Views of 

 Groos on the Relation between "Play" and Art: (i) Self-Exhibition— Coiixi- 

 ships of Birds and Spiders; (2) Imitation — Concerted Dances of Birds, the 

 Spur- Winged Lapwing {Hoplopterics cayanus) of South America; (3) Decora- 

 tion — Nests of Birds, Bower-Birds [Chlamydera, Amblyornis, and Prionodura)- 403 



Animals as Material for Art and Literature — Pictures and Sculpture. 

 Decorative Art. Origin of certain Letters of the Alphabet from Animal Forms. 

 Animals in Prose and Verse 407 



DISTRIBUTION IN SPACE AND TIME 



CHAPTER LXXV.— GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 

 General Nature of the Problems to be Considered ------- 409 



Areas of Distribution — Continental and Oceanic Islands; Land-Bridges; 

 Discontinuous Distribution, Pouched Mammals {Marsupialid), Lung-Fishes 

 (Dipnoi) - - 409 



Dispersal of Animals — Increase in Size of Areas of Distribution, Checks to 



Migration ----- -- 412 



Zoogeographical Regions of the Land — and their Chief Subdivisions - - 412 



Fauna of the Pal/earctic Region --------- 414 



Fauna of the Nearctic Region --------- 418 



Fauna of the Ethiopian Region - . - - 419 



Fauna of Madagascar ----------- 422 



Fauna of St. Helena- ----------- 423 



