xiv CONTENTS 



Page 



Fauna of the Oriental Region 424 



Fauna of the Australian Region 426 



Fauna of the Neotropical Region ..--.--- 428 



CHAPTER LXXVI. — LIFE IN DIFFERENT SURROUNDINGS- 

 SHALLOW WATER, DEEP WATER, AND SURFACE FAUNAS 

 OF THE SEAS 



Neritic, Abysmal, and Pelagic Zones— Benthos, Nekton, and Plankton - - - 435 



The Neritic Zone— Life in Shallow Water 436 



The Abysmal Zone— Life in Deep Water 442 



Pelagic Zone— Surface Life 448 



CHAPTER LXXVIL— DISTRIBUTION IN TIME— THE GEOLOGI- 

 CAL RECORD 



Nature and Aims of the Subject 456 



The Geological Record— Stratified Rocks, Fossils, Geological Time - - 456 



Geological Periods — Eozoic, Paleozoic, Wesozoic, and Kainozoic Epochs - - 457 



Life in the Palaeozoic Epoch 458 



Life in the Mesozoic Epoch . _ . 464 



Life in the Kainozoic Epoch 472 



PHILOSOPHIC ZOOLOGY 



CHAPTER LXXVIIL— PHILOSOPHIC ZOOLOGY — THE THEORY 

 OF EVOLUTION— EVOLUTION AS A FACT 



Doctrines of Special Creation and Evolution; History of the Evolutionary Idea; 

 Lamarck, Darwin, and Wallace; Distinction between the Fact of Evolution 

 and the Theory of Evolution ----.--..- 477 



The Argument from Classification -----... 478 



The Argument from Form and Structure (Morphology) - - - 480 



The Argument from Development- 482 



The Argument from the Geological Record 483 



The Argument from Geographical Distribution 483 



CHAPTER LXXIX. — THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION — THE 

 ORIGIN OF SPECIES 



The Imperfect State of our Knowledge ; Necessity for Experiment - - - - 484 



NATURAL SELECTION (DARWINISM) 



Line of Argument Adopted -.---.-_.._ ^g^ 



Rapid Increase in Numbers of Animals -----.. 485 



Variation and Heredity— Domesticated Animals ----.. 486 



Objections to the Theory of Evolution — Swamping Effects of Intercross- 

 ing; Reversion or Atavism; Importance of Isolation ; Physiological Section - 488 



