352 



UTILITARIAN ZOOLOGY 



Butterflies the Whites {Pieridcs) are only too famihar. They in- 

 clude, for example, the Large Garden White or Cabbage Butter- 

 fly {Pieris brassiccF), the Small White {P. rapcE), and the Green- 

 veined White {P. napi). The leaves of cabbages, cauliflowers, 

 turnips, and other cruciferous plants are ravaged by the insatiable 



caterpillars. 



The larvee of many 

 species of Owlet Moths 

 {Noctuidce), under the name 

 of " surface caterpillars ", 

 are responsible for a large 

 amount of damage to various 

 cultivated plants. Notable 

 forms are the Turnip Moth 

 i^Agrotis segetum), Heart- 

 and-Dart Moth {A. excla- 

 inationis\ and Great Yellow Underwing [TripJio'iia pronuba). 



Among other species of which the larvae are destructive to 

 ordinary crops may be mentioned — Silver- Y Moth i^Phtsia 

 gamma), inimical to most cultivated herbs ; Cabbage Moth 

 {Mamesfra bi'assic<T, fig. 1249); Pea Moth {Grapholitha nebri- 

 tana), the caterpillars of which penetrate the young pods and 

 feed on the immature peas; Grass Moth (Charcras graminis\ a 



Fig. 1249. — Cabbage Moth [Municstra brassUtE). 

 female. 2, larva; 3, pupa. 



Fig. 1250. — Codlin Moth [Carpocnpsa pp^ftcjiclla). Adult female on left. lar\'a in centre, pupa to right 

 tits actual size indicated by a line). 



pasture pest; and Diamond-back Moth [P/iiiella critciferaruni), 

 destructive to various crucifers. 



Various trees of economic importance are liable to be attacked 

 by voracious caterpillars. What are known as " worm-eaten " 

 apples, for instance, commonly owe their condition to the larvje 

 of the Codlin Moth {Carpocapsa pomonella, fig. 1250). The large 

 caterpillars of the Goat Moth [Cosstts ligniperda) bore great holes 

 in forest-trees, while the larvae of other species ravage their 



