49S 



GLOSSARY 



Claire, in French 0}ster culture, a muddy salt 

 ]3ond in which o}?iters are 'greened' by 

 I'eeding on minute alg;£e. 



Clavicle, the collar-bone. 



Cleavage, the early divisions of the fertilized 

 egy-cell, resulting- in a Blastula (which see). 



Clitellum (L. clifellcu, a pack-saddle), in 

 Eartli-W'orms and Leeches, a glandular re- 

 gion of the skin, Avhich secretes the material 

 for the cocoon. 



Cloaca (L. cloaca, a sewer), a chamber into 

 whicii, e.g. in a Frog, intestine, excretory 

 organs, and reproductive organs open. 



Coccyx (Gk. for cuckoo), the reduced tail- 

 region of the backbone in Wan and the man- 

 like Apes. 



Cochineal, a red j^igmcnt extracted trom the 

 dried bodies ot Cochineal Insects. 



Cochlea (L. cochlea, a snail-shell), in Mam- 

 mals, a spirally-coiled part ot the membran- 

 ous labyrinth. 



Cocoon, a \ariousi\' shaped case in which the 

 eggs or other inactive stages in the life- 

 history of various animals are enclosed. 



Ccelom (Gk. kollns, hollow), a Body-cavity 

 {which sec) containing h'mph-like tiuid and 

 communicating' with the exterior b\' excretor\' 

 tubes. 



Ccenosarc (Gk. koinus, common; sar.x., sarcos, 

 flesh), in colrmial Zoophvtes, the common 

 body b^■ which the individuals are united. 



Collar-cell, in Sponges, a cell bearing a single 

 flagellum with a collar-like projection at its 

 base. 



Collector, in o\'ster- and mussel -cult are, an 

 arrangement of twigs, boards, or tiles, to 

 which the larva? or fr\' attach themselves. 



Colonial, relating' to a Colon}" (whlcIi see). 



Colony, an assemblage of lower animals, in 

 Avhich the bodies of all the individuals are 

 continuous. The condition is a result of 

 vegetative propagation. 



Columella (L. coliiiiiella, a little pillar), a small 

 rod which stretches across the drum of the 

 ear in Birds, some Reptiles, and some Am- 

 phibians. 



Columnar epithelium, epithelium composed of 

 cells elongated at right angles to the surface. 



Commensalism (L. co>i-, together; iiiensa, a 

 dining"-table), the association of two organ- 

 isms as messmates, or commensals, to the 

 beneht of one or both. 



Compound eye, an eye made up of more or 

 less numerous optically distinct elements 

 each with an external facet. Possessed by 

 many Arthropods. 



Concha (L. concha, a shell) the ear-flap of a 

 jMammal. 



Condyle (Gk. condyh)Sy a tubercle), a rounded 

 projection on a bone or cartilage, where it 

 helps to form a movable joint. Mandibular 

 condyles, at back of lower jaw, where it 

 unites with skull. Occipital condyle (or 

 condyles), on back of skull, where it joins the 

 backbone. 



Conjugation {L. conjugato, conjugatum, to 

 bind together). In some Animalcules, the 

 temporary or permanent fusion ot tw'o indi- 

 viduals, accompanied by union of nuclear 

 material, and having- an invig-orating effect, 

 shown by active vegetative propagation. 



Continental island, an island that was at one 

 time part of an existing continent. 



Contractile, endowed with contractility. 



Contractility, the power possessed by proto- 

 plasm of changing its shape with no or 

 slight change in volume. 



Coracoid bone (Gk. kora.x, a raven), a ventral 

 element in the shoulder-skeleton ot lower 

 \'ertebrates. Coracoid process, a projection 

 (compared in Man to a raven's beak) on 

 the shoulder-blade of Mammals, equivalent 

 to the coracoid bone. 



Cornea (L. cornensy horny), a transparent area 

 of the sclerotic coat throug^h which light 

 enters the eye. 



Corolla (L. for little crown), the inner invest- 

 ing lea\es of a flower. Usuall}- brig'htly 

 coloured. 



Corpus callosum (L. for hard body), a band 

 of nerve-fibres which in most Mammals 

 connects the cerebral hemispheres. 



Corpuscles (L. dim. of corpus., a body), micro- 

 scopic bodies floating in blood or lymph. 

 White or Colourless Corpuscles, nucleated 

 cells, able to change their shape, found in 

 both blood and lymph. Red Corpuscles, 

 round or oval discs present in the blood ot 

 many animals= 



Cortex (L. cortex, bark), the external layer of 

 the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum. 



Costal (L. cosfa, a rib), relating" to the ribs. 



Courtship coloration, beautiful colours dis- 

 played (usually by the male) as a courtship 

 accessor\'. 



Courtship selection, preferential mating-, as 

 determined by combat, or by the possession 

 of esthetic characters. 



Cranial flexure, a bend in the brain. 



Cranial nerves, the nerves which arise from 

 the brain. 



Cranium (Gk. kranidn, the skull), the brain- 

 case. 



Crop, in the gut of various animals, a dilated 

 part ot the gullet, or enlarged region follow- 

 ing the gullet. It ser\'es tor temporar}' stor- 

 age of food. 



Cross-fertilization, fertilization of an egg-cell 

 by a sperm (or its equivalent) derived from 

 another organism. 



Cross-pollination, transfer of pollen from the 

 stamens of one flower to the stig:ma of 

 another flower. 



Coxa (L. coxa, a hip), the basal joint of an 

 Insect's leg-. 



Cul de mulct, Sea-anemones used as an 

 article of food in parts of southern Europe. 



Cultch, in oyster-culture, empty shells, broken 

 tiles, &.C., upon which o}'sters are g;rown. 



