526 



INDEX 



Eophrynus, iv 46c (illust.). 

 Eozoic epoch, iv 457-458. 

 Epelra diadema, i 390-392 : ii 127- 



12.5: iii 276; iv 44. 



Ephelota gemmlpara, iii 320 



Ephemera danica, i 376. [(illust.)- 



— VLilgata, i 376; 11465. 



Ephemeridae, i 376-377; ii 115-116, 

 EpMppmiii, iii 363. [465-466. 



Ephyraa, i 482; iii 352 (illust.). 

 Eplerium glutlnosum, i 256. 

 Epidermis (see also Skin), i 25, 63- 



64; iv 25. 

 EplgeneSiS, doctrine of, iii 336. 



Epiglottis, i 46; ii 429. 

 Eplnephelus hexagoiiatus,iv437, 

 Eplpodlum, i 324. [438. 



Epipods, ii 401, 403-404. 

 Epipubic bones, i 69; iii 47S. 

 Eplstylis, iv 99-100 (illust.,). 

 Epithelium, i 468, 469-470 (illust.); 

 Equus, i 106. [iii 344. 



— Africauus or tEeniopus, i 107 ; iv 



— asinus, iv 238-239. [239. 



— Burchelli, i 107; iv 235. 



— caballus, i 107; ii 105-167; iii 132, 

 134, 140-147: iv 233-238, 366. 



— onager, i 107. 



— Przewalskii, iv 234. 



— tarpian, i 107. 



Erethizon dorsatus, i 132: iii 253. 

 Eretmophorus, iv 28-29 (illust.). 

 Erinaceus Europaaus, ii 32-33, 342; 



ill 484. 

 Eriocampa litnacina, iv 356. 

 Eriodes arachnoides, i 77. 

 Eristalis tenax, ii 119, 216, 314, 



441, 442. 

 Erithacus rubecula, i i6o. 

 Ermine, i 98; ii 22 (illu.st. ', 290: iv 

 Errantia, i 429. (303. 



Erycina, ni loS (illust.). 

 Erythrinus, ii 452. 

 Eschricht, ii 27. I381. 



ESOX lUClUS, i 282 ; ii S4 ; iv 348, 3S0, 



Esquimaux, iv 210, 2n, 227-228, 



233. (423. 



Ethiopian region, iv 413, 414, 419- 



Eucyrtidium, i 4.59 (illust.); iii 6 



(illust. 1. [465. 



Eudromias morinellus, i 169; iii 

 Eudyptes, ili iSo. 

 Eudyptula minor, i 186. 

 Euglena viridis, i 4S9 (illust.), 494: 



ii 267. 272; iii6, 8S-S9; iv4o^illust. ). 



Euglossa, ii 206. 

 Eumeces Schneiderl, ii 77. 

 Eumenes arbustorura, iii 392 

 Eumenidse, 111392-393. [(illust.). 

 Euneces murinus, i 232 ; ii 79 ; iii 



53; iv 338-339. 



Euphorbia, iv So. 

 Euplectella, i 486; iv 446. 

 Euplotes, iii 88 (illu.st.). 

 Eurypterida, iv 461-462 (illust.). 

 Euscorpius EuropEeus, i 387. 



Euspongia officinalis, i 486, 4S7 : iii 



— zinicpcca, iv 324. [326; iv 324. 



Eustachian tube, i 57, 203. 

 Eustrongylus gigas, iv 362. 



Eutheria, i 68; and see Mammals. 



Euthyneura, i 317, 324-328. 

 Evans, A. H., ii 241, 266; iii 466. 

 Everitt, Nicholas, iv 376. 

 Evolution: - 



— of ajsthetics, iv 403-407. 



— of air-sacs, ii 439. 



Evolution [Cont.) 



— of birds, iii 185. [20-23 (illust.). 



— of brain and nervous system, iv 6, 



— of crustaceans, iii 364-365. 



— of ear, iv 38-39. 



— of gill-clefts, iii 381-382. 



— of gill-pouches, iii 382- 



— of human civilization, iv 208. 



— of insects, iii 274. [452-453. 



— of lungs, i 47, 264, 269 ; ii 421-422, 



— of mammals, iii 143, 154, 158, 200, 

 474-475, 481; IV 471, 472-473. 



— of metazoa, iii 333-334. 



— of parachutes, iii 281, 284, 286. 



— of sight organs, iv 40-41, 46-47 



— of teeth, i 12-13. [(illust.). 



— of wings of insects, iii 314-315. 



Evolution theory,! 12-17 ;iv477-494. 



— argument Irom classification, iv 47S- 



development, iv 482. [4S0. 



form and structure, iv 480-4S2. 



geographical distribution, iv 



4S3. 

 geological record, iv 4S3. 



— heredity, iv 492-494. 



— natural selection, iv 4S4-489. 



— supplementary factors, \\ 4S9-491. 



— \ariation, iv 491-492. [241. 

 Ewaxt, Cossar, iii 142; iv 235, 240,' 



Excretory organs:— 



— amphibians, i 238, 251. 



— aninialcules, i 491, 492, 493. 



— annelids, i 425, 428. 



— ascidians, iv loo. 



— birds, i 140. 



— crustaceans, i 408, 416, 422. 



453. 45(J, 45S, 459i 



— echinoderms, 

 460, 463. 



— fishes, i 258, 261, 272, 284. 



— flat-worms, i 442. 

 -- insects, i 349. 



— lamp-shells, i 440, 



— mammals, i 43-45, 47-48. 



— molluscs, i 30S, 310, 331, 333. 



— niuss-polypes, i 438. 



— nemertines, i 305, 



— peripatus, i 401. 



— reptiles, i 199-200, 208, 215, 227. 



— siphon-worms, i 433, 434, 



— thread-worms, i 44S. 



— \v ln.cl-animalculcs, i .^35. 



Excretory pores of Sea-Flowers 



(Anthozoa , i 474. [i 331. 



Extialent aperture, of molluscs, 

 ExOCCetUS, i 275-276; ili 283. 



— \olitans, i 276. 

 Exoskeleton, i 25 ; and see Shell. 



Carapace, Scales, &c. 



— amphibians, i 255 ; iii 214. 



— birds, i 141-143. 



— crustaceans, i 406. [iii 95, 97. 



— echinoderms, i 452, 456, 460, 464 ; 



— fishes, i 258-259, 266-269. 



— insects, i 346. 



— mammals, i 25, 63-65. 



— reptiles, i 192-193, 205, 213-214. 



— spider-like animals (arachnids), i 

 3 S 5-386. 



Extensor muscles, i 40S ; and see 



Muscular system. 

 Eye camera, iv 44-46, 47-48. 



— compound, i 346; iv 43-44 (illust.). 



— pineal, iv 47 (illust.), 48. 

 Eyeball, i 57-58 (illust.), 263 

 Eye-cups, iv 41 (illust.), 42. 



Eyelid, third, i 140, 151, 205: iii 74; 

 iv 481. 



Eyelids, 1 57, 225, 226, 228. 



Eyes. See Sight, organs of. 



Eye-spots, i 435, 480; iii 359, 360; 



iv 40, 41, 42, 46. 



Fabre, ii 210; ili 387, 392; iv 53, 54, 



108, 192, 195. 



Face, i 28-29, 73, 74, 75- 



FalCO assalon, i 174. 



— peregrinus, i 174. 



— subbuteo, i 174. 



— tinnunculus, i 174. 



— vi^spertinus, i 174. 



Falcon, peregrine, i 173 (illust.), 174. 



— red-footed, i 174. 



Falcons, i 173-174; ii 46 (illust.); iii 

 305, 306 (illust.) ; iv 61. 



False gill, i 263, 270; ii 386. [132. 

 False Scorpions, i 387, 3S8-389; ii 

 False Spiders, 1 387-3S8; iii 169. 

 "False-Wlreworms", ii 219; iii 225. 



Fane, Lady Augusta, iv 365. 



Fasciola hepatica, i 443-445: iv 202, 

 Fats, i 33, 37-38. [360, 361. 



Feathers, i 142-143 (illust.), 147, 154, 



186, 18S; ili 297-298, 301; iv 248-249, 



— "powder-down", i 178-179. [251. 



— "rowing", iii 296, 301. 



— " steering ", iii 296, 301, 



Feather-Stars, i 454, 460, 461 (illust.); 



ii 413, 414-415, 264-265; iii S, 23 

 lillust-), 27S (iltust.), 279, 32S; iv 199, 



Feather tracts, 1 142. [4S2. 



Fecundity, ii 345-347: "i 36^, 425, 



436, 4S2-483; iv 193, 194, 202, 4S6. 



Feeding habits. See Food. 



Feet (see also Appendages and 

 Digits):— 



— amphibians, iii 46, 48, 49. 



— arachnids, iii 276. 



— birds, i 161, 163, 164, 166, 17S, 184: 

 iii 58 lillust.), 59, 61 (illust.), 62, 65 

 (Illust.), 66, 127-128 (illust. \ 261, 263, 

 (illust.), 264, 265-266. 



— insects, iii 222-223, 273-276 ^ilIust.); 

 iv 254 (illust.). 



— mammals, i 24. 32; iii 71-72, 7-:;, 74, 

 75. 76, 77, 79. 81, 155 (illust.), 158 

 (ilhist.!, 233, 234, 23S, 242 Ullust.), 

 ^43-244, 24S, 249, 253, 258, 259, 260. 



— reptiles, iii 50, 26S-270 (illust.). 

 Felidse. See Cats proper. 

 Felis cafifra, iv 222. 



— cattus, i 88 ; iv 222-223, 384- 



— concolor, i 88 : ii 9. [3S4, 386. 



— domesticus, iii 157, 158 ; iv 222-223^ 



— leo, i 87; ii 9; iv 331, 369-371. 



— ieopardus, i 87-SS. 



— maniculata, i 88; iv. 222, 223. 



— onca, i SS. 



— pajeros, i SS. 



— panthcra, i S7-SS. 



— pardalis, iv 429. 



— tigris, i 87; ii 7-9; iv 331-333, 371- 



— \'iverr!na, ii 9; iii 75-76. h72- 

 Femur, amphibia, i 241, 252; iii 183. 



— birds, i 144, 



^ insects, i 344; iii 163, 176. 



— mammals, i 31-32. 



— reptiles, i 107-198. 



Fenestra ovalis, i 57. 



Fennec, i 93 (illust. \ 04: ii 19. 279. 



Fern-Owl. See Night-jar. 



