11 



78. Cjesalpinia sappan.— The brownish-red wood of this Indian tree furnishes the 



Sappan wood of commerce, from which dyers obtain a red color, principally 

 used for dyeing cotton goods. Its root also affords an orange-yellow dye. 



79. Calamus rotang. — This is one of the palms that furnish the canes or rattans 



used for chair bottoms, sides of pony-carriages, and similar purposes. It is a 

 climbing palm and grows to an immense length; specimens 300 feet long have 

 been exhibited, climbing over and amongst the branches of trees, supporting 

 themselves by means of the hooked spines attached to the leaf stalks. O. ru- 

 dentum and G. viminalis furnish flexible canes. In their native countries 

 they are used for a variety of manufacturing purposes, also for ropes and 

 cables used by junks and other coasting vessels. In the Himalayas they are 

 used in the formation of suspension bridges across rivers and deep ravines. O. 

 seipionum furnishes the well-known Malacca canes used for walking sticks. 

 They are naturally of a rich brown color. The clouded and mottled appear- 

 ance which some of these present is said to be imparted to them by smoking 

 and steaming. 



80. Callistemon salignttm. — A medium-sized tree from Australia; one of the many 



so-called tea trees of that country. The wood, which is very hard, is known 

 as stone wood and has been used for wood engraving. Layers of the bark 

 readily peel off; hence it also receives the name of paper-bark plant. 



81. Calutkis QUADrivalvis. — This coniferous plant is a native of Barbary. It 



yields a hard, durable, and fragrant timber, and is much employed in the 

 erection of mosques, etc., by the Africans of the North. The resin that ex- 

 udes from the tree is used in varnish under the name of gum-sandarach. In 

 powder it forms a principal ingredient of the article known as pounce. 



82. Calophyllum calaba. — This is called calaba tree in the West Indies, and an 



oil, fit for burning, is expressed from the seeds. In the "West Indies these 

 seeds are called Santa Maria nuts. 



83. Calotropis GIGANTEA.— The inner bark of this plant yields a valuable fiber, 



capable of bearing a greater strain than hemp. All parts of it abound in a 

 very acrid milky juice, which hardens into a substance resembling gutta- 

 percha; but in its fresh state it is a valuable remedy in cutaneous diseases. 

 The bark of the root also possesses similar medical qualities; and its tincture 

 yields mudarine, a substance that has the property of gelatinizing when 

 heated, and returning to the fluid state when cool. Paper has been made 

 from the silky down of the seeds. 



84. Camellia japonica. — A well-known green-house plant, cultivated for its large 



double flowers. The seeds furnish an oil of an agreeable odor, which is used 

 for many domestic purposes. 



85. Camphora officinarum. — This tree belongs to the Lauracse. Camphor is 



prepared from the wood by boiling chopped branches in water, when, after 

 some time, the camphor becomes deposited and is purified by sublimation. 

 It is mainly produced in the island of Formosa. The wood of the tree is 

 highly prized for manufacturing entomological cabinets. As the plant grows 

 well over a large area in the more Southern States, it is expected that the 

 preparation of its products will become a profitable industry. 



86. Canella alba. — This is a native of the "West Indies, and furnishes a pale 



olive-colored bark with ail aromatic odor, and is used as a tonic. It is used 

 by the natives as a spice. It furnishes the true canella bark of commerce, 

 also known as white-wood bark. 



87. Capparis spinosa. — The caper plant, a native of the South of Europe and of 



the Mediterranean regions. The commercial product consists of the flower- 

 buds, and sometimes the unripe fruits, pickled in vinegar. The wood and 

 bark possess acrid qualities which will act as a blister when applied to the 

 skin. 



88. Carapa guianensis. — A meliaceous plant, native of tropical America, where it 



grows to a height of 60 to 80 feet. The bark of this tree possesses febrifugal 

 properties and is also used for tanning. By pressure, the seeds yield a liquid 

 oil called carap-oil or crab-oil, suitable for burning in lamps. 



89. Carica papaya. — This is the South American papaw tree, but is cultivated in 



most tropical countries. It is also known as the melon-apple. The fruit is 

 of a dingy orange-color, of an oblong form, about 8 to 10 inches long, by 3 or 

 4 inches broad. It is said that the juice of the tree, or an infusion of the 

 leaves and fruit, has the property of rendering tough fiber quite tender. 

 Animals fed upon the fruit and leaves will have very tender and juicy flesh. 



