ANDOVER AND HAVERHILL SERIES OF KAMES. 167 
of Astarte castanea at Kittery is proof that the ocean became as warm 
as now before it sank to its present level. 
KaMEs IN THE SoutH Part oF RocxincHaM CounTy anp IN Nortu- 
Drees 
EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 
This district contains very interesting and instructive series of kames, 
which differ from those described along the Connecticut and Merrimack 
rivers, and in the basin of Ossipee lake. It will be remembered that 
those series lie along the middle and lowest portion of valleys. The 
series of kames now to be considered do not follow the present water- 
courses, but run directly across the Merrimack and other rivers, which 
here have no well marked valleys, being not much lower than the hollows 
between the hills on either side. Occupying these hollows or lying 
against the side of the hills, the kames extend long distances in a some- 
what devious, but for the whole series, quite straight course, which is 
about half-way between south and south-east. 
Rev. George F. Wright, of Andover, Mass., has given much attention 
to the surface geology of this district, and has kindly supplied the follow- 
ing description of these kames: * 
A formation of gravel, known at Andover as ‘Indian Ridge,” has long been familiar 
to the citizens, and has been remarked upon frequently by tourists and geologists. We 
could not improve the description of the main features of similar formations given 
by Dr. Edward Hitchcock in 1842. He writes,—‘‘ Our moraines form ridges and hills 
of almost every possible shape. It is not common to find straight ridges for a consid- 
erable distance. But the most common and most remarkable aspect assumed by these 
elevations is that of a collection of tortuous ridges and rounded and even conical hills, 
with corresponding depressions between them. These depressions are ,not valleys 
which might have been produced by running water, but mere holes, not unfrequently 
occupied by a pond.” 
By reference to Map 1, Plate IV, the characteristics of this formation may easily be 
apprehended. At the flax mills near Andover depot, a dam raises the Shawshin river 
14 feet. Measuring from the river-bed below the dam, the ascent to the peat-bog, o, 
at the base of the east ridge, is 41 feet. Taking this bog as a level, the heights of the 
successive ridges,—East ridge, Indian, and West,—at the points a, 4, and eu, are 41 feet, 
49 feet, and 71 feet. The point c, however, is in a characteristic depression of the 
* For some further particulars and facts bearing on the origin of these series of kames, see a paper by Rev. Mr. 
Wright in Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xix, pp. 47-63. 
+ Transactions of the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists. 
