16 B Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 



shoots but with no apparent regular succession. Characteristic of the aphyllo- 

 podae is, however, that the young inflorescence is not covered by leaf-sheaths 

 from the year previous but by scale-like leaves or, let us say, "bud-scales" 

 developed at the same time as the bud appears. These types: phyllopodae and 

 aphyllopodae, were first brought to attention by Elias Fries ^ and they are indeed 

 very characteristic and helpful to the determination of many critical species. 

 In my papers deahng with Cyperaceae* I have often demonstrated the distinction 

 of these types as an important means of classifying Carices. 



With regard to the species, the list shows that the Vigneae are only repre- 

 sented by C. incurva, while eleven Carices genuinae were collected. As has been 

 the experience of other arctic expeditions, the Microrhynchae, Aeorastachyae and 

 Physocarpae are the most frequent, and C. stans Drej. seems to be the most 

 common; it represents C. aquatilis Wahlenb. of the more southern, but still 

 boreal, regions. Since C. stans has sometimes been mistaken for tall specimens 

 of C. rigida, I have figured one of the specimens from Herschel island (Part A, 

 Plate I, figs. 1-4), beside a much larger one, which I collected on the west coast 

 of Greenland, near Jacobshavn (Part A, Plate I, figs. 5-8). 



The original diagnosis ' reads as follows : 



"Spica mascula 1, feminis 3-6, elongatis cylindricis densifloris obtusis 

 subsessilibus, bracteis infimis foliaceis latis planis culmum superantibus auri- 

 culatis, squamis oblongis obtusis, perigyniis (immaturis) obovatis brevissime 

 rostellatis ore integris enerviis, stigmatibus 2-3. 



"Groenland; Vahl. 



"Radix stolonif era crassavaginisobdu eta. Culmus erectus, strictus, crassus, 

 obtusangulus v. acutangulus, laevissimus v. (raro) supe'rne scabriusculus. Folia 

 plana, lata, laevissima v. apicem versus margine scabrata. Spicae 4-8, terminalis 

 mascula, reliquae femineae; mascula cylindrica subclavata squamis oblongis 

 obtusis, femineae densiflorae obtusae, superior interdum apice mascula, infima 

 pedunculata reliquae sessiles. Bractea infima longissima culmum superans, 

 marginibus apicem versus scabris, auriculis brevissimis subamplectentibus. 

 Squamae perigynio multo minores, obtusae, fuscae v. nigrae, v. perigynia 

 superantes acutiusculae. Perigynia obovata enervia, estipitata brevissime 

 rostellata ore integro, viridiflavae v. apice fuscae. Stylus brevis subexsertus, 

 stigm. 2 V. 3 elongata, flaccida villosula. 



"Haec species, cujus perigynia modo immatura vidi, ex distylis C. aquatili 

 et C. saxatili maxime affinis est. Ab ilia differt foliis omnino planis latis, bracteis 

 brevioribus, spica mascula solitaria, colore spicarum fusco v. atrato, statura 

 humiliore. Ab hac: bracteis latis planis brevissime auriculatis culmum multo 

 superantibus, spicis subclavatis densifloris cet. A ceteris distylis longius distat: 

 C. acuta differt spicis pedunculatis pendulis acutis; C. caespitosa spicis acutis, 

 bracteis angustioribus, culmo scaberrimo, perigyniis stipitatis nervatis. C. striata 

 Good, spicis magis laxifloris acutis vaginis foliorum fibrilloso-reticulatis, cet." 



This diagnosis was based upon specimens collected by Vahl in Greenland. 



Kukenthal ^ refers C. stans to C. aquatilis as a variety including C. variabilis 

 Bail., a species from the subalpine bogs in the Rocky mountains (Canada- 

 Colorado); however, this classification is not natural, and is undoubtedly the 

 result of working with too scant material. 



Concerning C. subspathacea and C. reducta, these are near allies of C. salina, 

 but their geographical distribution is much farther north; they have been 

 described and figured in a recently published paper, dealing with Carices aeoras- 

 tachyae : SalinaeJ' 



1 Synopsis Carioum distigmatioarum, apiois sexu distinotis, in Scandinavia leotarum. Bot. Notiser. 

 Lund. 1843, p. 97. 



2 Am. Journ. of Science, Vol. 48. New Haven, 1919, p. 19. 



» Drejer, S. Revisio oritica Carioum borealium. Naturhist. Tidsskr. Vol. 3. Copenhagen, 1841. 



* Cyperaceae-Cariooideae in Engler: Das Pflanzenreioh. Leipzig, 1909. 



' Holm. Theo. Studies in the Cyperaceae. Am. Journ. of Sc, Vol. 49. New Haven, 1920. 



