from these leaving about one-half inch attached to the top bar, 
which serves as a guide for the bees when the frames are returned 
to them for refilling. More honey per hive can be produced in the 
shallow frames than in sections and with less labor and expense 
and less trouble from swarming. 
TOOLS AND APPARATUS 
Smoker 
Protection from the attacks’of bees is one of the essentials in 
successful beekeeping. Fortunately for the person who has to deal 
with bees, much stinging can be avoided. When smoke is blown 
on bees they fill with honey, and when so filled seldom venture an 
attack. This will have little or no effect upon angry bees when on 
the wing. In order that the smoke may be applied as needed a 
fad 
Fig. 16. Bee smoker (redrawn). 
smoker (Fig. 16) is used in which is burned almost any inflam- 
mable material, wood in all probability being the best. Tobacco is 
not used. So far as its effect upon the bees is concerned the smoke 
from any fuel appears to differ little if at all, from another, except 
that greasy waste which is sometimes recommended and _ tobacco 
are to be avoided as a bee-smoker fuel. 
Smokers are made in two types: the hot and the cold blast. 
The hot blast smoker forces the air through the fire and out the 
nozzle, carrying the smoke with it. The cold blast smoker forces 
the air over the fire and out the nozzle drawing out the smoke. This 
latter type cannot be recommended. 
There are three sizes of the hot blast smoker known as the Junior, 
Standard and Jumbo, having a 2 1/2-inch, 3 1/4-inch and 4-inch 
32 
