abe, Normal capprigs. 
apg hop Gimn,e dseased lartag 
pts, dried-down larvae or scales. 
Fig. 39. European foulbrood (redrawn). 
position in the cells is almost limitless in variety. (Fig. 39). The 
scales do not adhere tightly to the cell walls, and the bees remove 
many of them. If the colony is sufficiently strong in young bees, 
they will entirely clean out the scales. Bees are more subject to 
an attack of this disease during the forepart of the brood-rearing 
season. 
The manner in which this disease is transmitted is not well 
understood. It is believed it is carried in the honey. 
It would seem that bees of a good Italian strain, when well 
cared for so far as food supply and winter protection is concerned, 
as a rule are able to throw off an attack of European foulbrood or 
to resist it entirely. 
Preventive Measures—Beekeepers have learned from experience 
that certain bees show a great resistance to bacillus pluton. So 
high is the resistance that in many cases it approaches immunity. 
This trait is more in evidence in the Italian bees than in blacks 
or hybrids of these two races. Occasionally there is found a colony 
of blacks or hybrids which shows this trait to a marked degree, but 
this is the exception rather than the rule. On the other hand, oc- 
casionally a colony of Italians will show a low order of resistance. 
This also is not common. 
It is evident, then, that the beekeeper cannot afford to risk 
A ‘ia of European foulbrood by keeping anything except good 
tallans. 
Doctor Phillips is authority for the statement that a colony of 
68 
