suggestion which seems advisable is that a colony much affected be 
given a vigorous Italian queen. 
Ww 
of twelve to fifteen inches of the entrance. 
BROOD DISEASES CONTRASTED 
American Foulbrood 
. Larva dies at advanced 
stage 
many 
of its growth, 
after sealing. 
. Color a decided brown. 
. Odor distinct but not 
intense. 
. Spreads slowly in hive 
and apiary. 
. Dead larva on lower 
cell wall except in col- 
ony in the last stages 
of the disease. 
. Larva decays as one 
mass and in advanced 
stage may be ropy. 
. Scales formed by dried- 
down larvae are on 
lower cell wall and are 
removed with difficulty 
by the beekeeper and 
not at all by the bees. 
European Foulbrood 
. Most of the larvae die 
before time for sealing. 
. Color gray, yellow and 
light brown. 
. Odor pronounced, often 
intense, sometimes al- 
most absent. 
. Usually spreads rapidly 
in hive and apiary. May 
spread slowly in both. 
. Dead larvae in every 
conceivable position in 
cell. 
Larva decays as one 
mass, and has jelly-like 
consistency and is not 
markedly ropy. 
. Irregular scales in every 
position in cells and not 
difficult of removal. 
ADULT BEE DISEASES 
Sacbrood 
. Larva dies after 
sealing. 
. Color, dirty light 
brown often mot- 
tled, head almost 
black. 
. Odor very slight 
yeasty. 
. Spreads veryslow- 
ly over exceed- 
ingly small areas. 
. Dead larva on 
lower cell wall. 
. Larval skin re- 
mains unbroken 
and contents are 
watery. 
. Scales regular on 
lower cell wall 
and do not ad- 
here at all. 
Adult bee diseases are imperfectly understood, and much that has 
been written on the subject is probably mere conjecture. 
Paralysis 
There is a disorder of adult bees which is called paralysis or 
palsy. The manifestation of this disorder is the dead and sick bees 
massed on the ground in front of the affected colony within a radius 
These are principally 
old bees, many of which are quite devoid of hairs and give the 
appearance of having been dipped into oil. 
The wings are often 
held at an unnatural angle, and the bees exhibit a trembling motion. 
Often the abdomens are considerably swollen. 
These shaking, hairless bees are often seen on top the frames 
when an affected colony is opened. 
7 
